This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Preshaw, P.M. Articles by Mariotti, A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Preshaw, P.M. Articles by Mariotti, A. Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

Experimental Gingivitis in Women Using Oral Contraceptives

University of Newcastle upon Tyne, The Dental School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK

M.A. Knutsen

Ohio State University, Department of Primary Care, College of Dentistry, 305 West 12th Ave., PO Box 182357, Columbus, OH 43218, USA

A. Mariotti

Ohio State University, Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, 305 West 12th Ave, PO Box 182357, Columbus, OH 43218-2357, USA

Oral contraceptives (OC) have historically been considered a risk factor for gingival diseases. We set out to investigate this premise further, given that, over recent years, hormone concentrations in OC have been substantially reduced. Using a prospective, split-mouth, experimental gingivitis model, pre-menopausal women either taking (n = 14) or not taking (n = 16) OC refrained from all oral hygiene practices in one maxillary (test) quadrant while continuing to perform normal oral hygiene activities in the contralateral (control) quadrant. Mean increases in plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume from days 0 to 21 were significant in test quadrants (P < 0.05) but did not differ regardless of whether subjects received OC (P > 0.05). PI, GI, and GCF volume did not vary in control quadrants over the course of the study (P > 0.05). Analysis of these data suggests that current OC formulations do not affect the inflammatory response of the gingiva to dental plaque.

Key Words: gingival disease • experimental gingivitis • oral contraceptives • inflammation

REFERENCES

• Bannemerschult R., Hanker JP, Wunsch C., Fox P., Albring M., Brill K. (1997). A multicenter, uncontrolled clinical investigation of the contraceptive efficacy, cycle control, and safety of a new low dose oral contraceptive containing 20 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and 100 micrograms levonorgestrel over six treatment cycles. Contraception 56:285-290.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Chilton NW, Fleiss JL (1986). Design and analysis of plaque and gingivitis clinical trials. J Clin Periodontol 13:400-410.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Ciocca DR, Roig Lmv (1995). Estrogen receptors in human non-target tissues: biological and clinical implications. Endocr Rev 16:35-62.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Crook D., Godsland L (1998). Safety evaluation of modern oral contraceptives. Effects on lipoprotein and carbohydrate metabolism. Contraception 57:189-201.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Das AK, Bhowmick S., Dutta A. (1971a). Oral contraceptives and periodontal disease. J Indian Dent Assoc 43:47-53.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Das AK, Bhowmick S., Dutta A. (1971b). Oral contraceptives and periodontal disease. Prevalence and severity. J Indian Dent Assoc 43:155-158.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• El-Ashiry GM, El-Kafrawy AH, Nasr MF, Younis N. (1970). Comparative study of the influence of pregnancy and oral contraceptives on the gingivae. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 30:472-475.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• El-Ashiry GM, El-Kafrawy AH, Nasr MF, Younis N. (1971). Effects of oral contraceptives on the gingiva. J Periodontol 42:273-275.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• European Community Directive (1991). 91/507/EEC. Brussels, 19 July
• Hugoson A. (1971). Gingivitis in pregnant women. A longitudinal clinical study. Odontol Revy 22:65-84.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Hujoel PP, Moulton LH (1988). Evaluation of test statistics in split-mouth clinical trials. J Periodontal Res 23:378-380.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Kaufman AY (1969). An oral contraceptive as an etiologic factor in producing hyperplastic gingivitis and a neoplasm of the pregnancy tumour type. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 28:666-670.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Knight GM, Wade BA ( 1974). The effects of hormonal contraceptives on the human periodontium. J Periodontal Res 9:18-22.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Lindhe J., Attstrom R. (1967). Gingival exudation during the menstrual cycle. J Periodontal Res 2:194-198.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Lindhe J., Bjöm A.-L (1967). Influence of hormonal contraceptives on the gingiva of women. J Periodontal Res 2:1-6.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Loe H. (1971). Human research model for the production and prevention of gingivitis. J Dent Res 50:256-264.
• Loe H., Holm-Pedersen P. (1965). Absence and presence of fluid from normal and inflamed gingivae. Periodontics 3:171-177.
• Loe H., Silness J. (1963). Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand 21:533-551.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Loe H., Theilade E., Jensen SB (1965). Experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontol 36:177-187.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Lynn BD ( 1967). "The pill" as an etiologic agent in hypertrophic gingivitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 24:333-334.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Mariotti A. (1994). Sex steroid hormones and cell dynamics in the periodontium. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 5:27-53.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Offenbacher S., Odle BM, Gray RC, van Dyke TE (1984). Crevicular fluid prostaglandin E levels as a measure of the periodontal disease status of adult and juvenile periodontitis patients. J Periodontal Res 19:1-13.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Pankhurst CL, Waite IM, Hicks KA, Allen Y., Harkness RD (1981). The influence of oral contraceptive therapy on the periodontium-duration of drug therapy. J Periodontol 52:617-620.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Perry DA (1981). Oral contraceptives and periodontal health. J Western Soc Periodontol 29:72-80.
• Preshaw PM, Kelly PJ, Heasman PA (1996). Quadratic calibration curves for the Periotron 6000. J Periodontal Res 31:441-443.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Putt MS, Van der Weijden GA, Kleber CJ, Saxton CA (1993). Validation of a 21-day, partial-mouth gingivitis model for evaluating chemotherapeutic dentifrices. J Periodontal Res 28:301-307.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Raber-Durlacher JE, van Steenbergen Tjm, van der Velden U., de Graaff J., Abraham-Inpijn L. (1994). Experimental gingivitis during pregnancy and post-partum: clinical, endocrinological and microbiological aspects. J Clin Periodontol 21:549-558.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Sherif K. (1999). Benefits and risks of oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180:S343-348.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Silness J., Loe H. (1964). Periodontal disease in pregnancy. II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand 22:121-135.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Sperber GH (1969). Oral contraceptive hypertropic gingivitis. J Dent Assoc S Afr 24:37-40.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Sutcliffe PA (1972). Longitudinal study of gingivitis and puberty. J Periodontal Res 7:52-58.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Tilakaratne A., Soory M., Ranasinghe SM, Corea Smx, Ekanayake SL, de Silva M. (2000). Effects of hormonal contraceptives on the periodontium, in a population of rural Sri-Lankan women. J Clin Periodontol 27:753-757.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Williams CL, Stancel GM (1996). Estrogens and progestins. In: Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Hardman JG, Limbird LE, editors. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 1411-1441.

Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 80, No. 11, 2011-2015 (2001)
DOI: 10.1177/00220345010800111201


CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				V.Y. Wahaidi, S.A. Dowsett, G.J. Eckert, and M.J. Kowolik Neutrophil Response to Dental Plaque by Gender and Race Journal of Dental Research, August 1, 2009; 88(8): 709 - 714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Preshaw, P.M. Articles by Mariotti, A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Preshaw, P.M. Articles by Mariotti, A. Social Bookmarking                         What's this?