Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

CiteULike is a free service for managing and discovering scholarly references - click here to get started.

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
Journal of Dental Research
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Bergdahl, M.
Right arrow Articles by Bergdahl, J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Bergdahl, M.
Right arrow Articles by Bergdahl, J.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

Low Unstimulated Salivary Flow and Subjective Oral Dryness: Association with Medication, Anxiety, Depression, and Stress

M. Bergdahl

Department of Odontology

J. Bergdahl

Department of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Umea University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden

Medication and psychological processes may affect salivary flow and cause subjective oral dryness. The importance of these factors is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of medication, anxiety, depression, and stress with unstimulated salivary flow and subjective oral dryness. We studied 1202 individuals divided into three groups, and controls. Intake of medication was evaluated. Anxiety, depression, and stress were assessed. Unstimulated salivary flow < 0.1 mL/min and subjective oral dryness were significantly associated with age, female gender, intake of psychotropics, anti-asthmatics, and diuretics. Unstimulated salivary flow < 0.1 mL/min and no subjective oral dryness were significantly associated with age, intake of antihypertensives, and analgesics. Subjective oral dryness and unstimulated salivary flow > 0.1 mL/min were significantly associated with depression, trait anxiety, perceived stress, state anxiety, female gender, and intake of antihypertensives. Age and medication seemed to play a more important role in individuals with hyposalivation, and female gender and psychological factors in individuals with subjective oral dryness.

Key Words: saliva • oral dryness • medication • psychological factors.

REFERENCES

  • American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Beck AT, Steer RA, Garbin MG (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: twenty-five years of evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev 8:77-100.[CrossRef]
  • Bergdahl M. (2000). Salivary flow and oral complaints in adult dental patients. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 28:59-66.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Bergdahl M., Bergdahl J. (1999). Burning mouth syndrome: prevalence and associated factors. J Oral Pathol Med 28:350-354.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Bergdahl M., Bergdahl J., Johansson I. (1997). Depressive symptoms in individuals with idiopathic subjective dry mouth. J Oral Pathol Med 26:448-450.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Bolwig TG, Rafaelsen OJ (1972). Salivation in affective disorders. Psychol Med 2:232-238.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Cavanaugh S., Clark DC, Gibbons RD (1983). Diagnosing depression in the hospitalized medically ill. Psychosomatics 24:809-815.
  • Davies BM, Gurland JB (1961). Salivary secretion in depressive illness. J Psychosom Res 5:269-271.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Dawes C., Wood CM ( 1973). The contribution of the oral minor mucous gland secretions to the volume of whole saliva in man. Arch Oral Biol 18:337-342.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Ericsson Y., Hardwick L. (1978). Individual diagnosis, prognosis and counseling for caries prevention. Caries Res 12:94-102.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Fox PC, Busch KA, Baum BJ ( 1987). Subjective reports of xerostomia and objective measures of salivary gland performance. J Am Dent Assoc 115:581-584.[Abstract]
  • Judd LL ( 1995). Mood disorders in the general population represent an important and worldwide public health problem. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 10:5-10.
  • Levenstein S., Prantera C., Varvo V., Scribano ML, Berto E., Luzi C., et al. (1993). Development of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire: a new tool for psychosomatic research. J Psychosom Res 37:19-32.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Locker D. (1993). Subjective reports of oral dryness in an older adult population. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 21:165-168.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Longman LP, Higham SM, Rai K., Edgar WM, Field EA (1995). Salivary gland hypofunction in elderly patients attending a xerostomia clinic. Gerodontology 12:67-72.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • MacFarlane TW (1990). Ecology and epidemiology of Candida. In: Oral candidosis. Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW, eds. London: Wright, pp. 21-46.
  • Mathew RJ, Weinman M., Claghorn JL (1979). Xerostomia and sialorrhea in depression. Am J Psychiatry 136:1476-1477.[Free Full Text]
  • Navazesh M., Christensen CM (1982). A comparison of whole-mouth resting and stimulated salivary measurement procedures. J Dent Res 61:1158-1162.
  • Navazesh M., Brightman VJ, Pogoda JM (1996). Relationship of medical status, medications, and salivary flow rates in adults of different ages. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 81:172-176.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Narhi TO, Meurman JH, Ainamo A., Nevalainen JM, Schmidt-Kaunisaho KG, Siukosaari P., et al. (1992). Association between salivary flow rate and the use of systemic medication among 76-, 81-, and 86-year-old inhabitants in Helsinki, Finland. J Dent Res 71:1875-1880.
  • Papas AS, Joshi A., MacDonald SL, Maravelis-Splagounias L., Pretara-Spanedda P., Curro FA (1993). Caries prevalence in xerostomic individuals. J Can Dent Assoc 59:171-179.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Rannar S. (1996). Many variables in multivariate projection methods (dissertation). Umea, Sweden: Univ. of Umeå.
  • Ship JA, Fox PC, Baum BJ ( 1991). How much saliva is enough? "Normal" function defined. JAm Dent Assoc 122:63-69.
  • Simca-s for Windows (1996). Multivariate modeling and data analysis. Umea, Sweden: Umetri AB.
  • Spielberger CD (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Sreebny LM, Schwartz SS (1997). A reference guide to drugs and dry mouth. 2nd ed. Gerodontology 14:33-47.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Sreebny LM, Valdini A. (1988). Xerostomia. Part I: Relationship to other oral symptoms and salivary gland hypofunction. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 66:451-458.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Sreebny LM, Valdini A., Yu A. (1989). Xerostomia. Part II: Relationship to nonoral symptoms, drugs, and diseases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 68:419-427.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Stahle L., Wold S. ( 1988). Multivariate data analysis and experimental design in biomedical research. Prog Med Chem 25:291-338.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Watson D., Pennebaker JW (1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychol Rev 96:234-254.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • World Health Organization (1993). Guidelines for ATC classification. Oslo, Norway: Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology.

Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 79, No. 9, 1652-1658 (2000)
DOI: 10.1177/00220345000790090301
Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Palliat MedHome page
C. P Bots, H. S Brand, E. C. Veerman, M. Valentijn-Benz, B. M V. Amerongen, A. V N. Amerongen, R. M Valentijn, P. F Vos, J. A Bijlsma, P. D Bezemer, et al.
The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum
Palliative Medicine, April 1, 2005; 19(3): 202 - 207.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 CROBMHome page
C. Scully and J.-V. Bagan
ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS IN THE OROFACIAL REGION
Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, July 1, 2004; 15(4): 221 - 239.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CVIHome page
M. A. Salam, N. Matsumoto, K. Matin, Y. Tsuha, R. Nakao, N. Hanada, and H. Senpuku
Establishment of an Animal Model Using Recombinant NOD.B10.D2 Mice To Study Initial Adhesion of Oral Streptococci
Clin. Vaccine Immunol., March 1, 2004; 11(2): 379 - 386.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann Rheum DisHome page
E-K Tensing, D C Nordstrom, S Solovieva, K-O Schauman, I Sippo-Tujunen, T Helve, S Natah, J Ma, T F Li, and Y T Konttinen
Salivary gland scintigraphy in Sjogren's syndrome and patients with sicca symptoms but without Sjogren's syndrome: the psychological profiles and predictors for salivary gland dysfunction
Ann Rheum Dis, October 1, 2003; 62(10): 964 - 968.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Ann Rheum DisHome page
A Hocevar, M Tomsic, S Praprotnik, M Hojnik, T Kveder, and B Rozman
Parasympathetic nervous system dysfunction in primary Sjogren's syndrome
Ann Rheum Dis, August 1, 2003; 62(8): 702 - 704.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CROBMHome page
A. Scala, L. Checchi, M. Montevecchi, I. Marini, and M.A. Giamberardino
UPDATE ON BURNING MOUTH SYNDROME: OVERVIEW AND PATIENT MANAGEMENT
Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, July 1, 2003; 14(4): 275 - 291.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Journal of the American Dental AssociationHome page
M. NAVAZESH
How can oral health care providers determine if patients have dry mouth?
J Am Dent Assoc, May 1, 2003; 134(5): 613 - 618.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Journal of the American Dental AssociationHome page
J. GUGGENHEIMER and P. A. MOORE
Xerostomia: Etiology, recognition and treatment
J Am Dent Assoc, January 1, 2003; 134(1): 61 - 69.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Bergdahl, M.
Right arrow Articles by Bergdahl, J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Bergdahl, M.
Right arrow Articles by Bergdahl, J.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?