Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

CiteULike is a free service for managing and discovering scholarly references - click here to get started.

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
Journal of Dental Research
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Yeh, C.-K.
Right arrow Articles by Hatch, J.P.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Yeh, C.-K.
Right arrow Articles by Hatch, J.P.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

Association of Salivary Flow Rates with Maximal Bite Force

C.-K. Yeh

Departments of Dental Diagnostic Scicnce-7919, Dental School, Department of Community Dentistry, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans' Health Care System, San Antonio, TX

D.A. Johnson

Department of Community Dentistry

M.W.J. Dodds

Department of Community Dentistry

S. Sakai

Department of Orthodontics

J.D. Rugh

Department of Orthodontics

J.P. Hatch

Departments of Dental Diagnostic Scicnce-7919, Dental School, Department of Orthodontics, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900

Mean salivary secretion and bite force decrease with advancing age. Previous studies have shown that salivary flow rates are influenced by mastication. In the present study, we examined the relationship between salivary flow rates and maximal bite force in a community-based sample of men and women 35 years of age or older. Salivary flow rates for unstimulated whole and unstimulated submandibular/sublingual (SMSL) saliva as well as citrate-stimulated parotid and SMSL saliva were measured in 399 subjects. Bite force was assessed with a bilateral force transducer. Pearson correlation analysis yielded significant positive correlations between bite force and flow rates for unstimulated whole saliva (r = 0.24, p < 0.0001), stimulated parotid saliva (r = 0.13, p < 0.03), unstimulated SMSL (r = 0.14, p < 0.0001), and stimulated SMSL (r = 0.16, p < 0.003). When adjusted for age and gender, the partial correlations between bite force and salivary flow rates remained significant for unstimulated whole saliva (r = 0.10, p < 0.05), stimulated parotid saliva (r = 0.13, p < 0.02), and stimulated SMSL saliva (r = 0.14, p < 0.006). Subjects were divided into four groups based on their maximal bite force score (low, medium low, medium high, and high). For each saliva type, the flow rate of the high-bite-force group was significantly greater than that of the low-bite-force group as well as that of the medium-high-bite-force group. These results confirm an age-related decrease in bite force and salivary flow rates and show that, regardless of age or gender, bite force is correlated with salivary flow.

Key Words: salivary flow • bite force • aging.

REFERENCES

  • Anderson DJ, Hector MP (1987). Periodontal mechanoreceptors and parotid secretion in animals and man. J Dent Res 66:518-523.
  • Anderson DJ, Hector MP, Linden RW (1985). The possible relation between mastication and parotid secretion in the rabbit. J Physiol 364:19-29.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Bakke M., Holm B., Jensen BL, Michler L., Moller E. (1990). Unilateral, isometric bite force in 8-68-year-old women and men related to occlusal factors. Scand J Dent Res 98:149-158.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Bakke M., Tuxen A., Vilmann P., Jensen BR, Vilmann A., Toft M. ( 1992). Ultrasound image of human masseter muscle related to bite force, electromyography, facial morphology, and occlusal factors. Scand J Dent Res 100:164-171.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Bakke M., Stoltze K., Tuxen A. (1993). Variables related to masseter muscle function: a maximum R2 improvement analysis. Scand J Dent Res 101:159-165.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Buchner R., Van der Glas HW, Brouwers JE, Bosman F. (1992). Electromyographic parameters related to clenching level and jaw-jerk reflex in patients with a simple type of myogenous cranio-mandibular disorder. J Oral Rehabil 19:495-511.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Chauncey HH, Kapur KK, Feller RP, Wayler AH (1981). Altered masticatory function and perceptual estimates of chewing experience. Spec Care Dentist 1:250-255.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Chauncey HH, Muench ME, Kapur KK, Wayler AH (1984). The effect of the loss of teeth on diet and nutrition. Int Dent J 34:98-104.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Dawes C., Cross HG, Baker CG, Chebib FS (1978). The influence of gland size on the flow rate and composition of human parotid saliva. Dent J 44:21-25.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • De Castro JM (1993). Age-related changes on spontaneous food intake and hunger in humans. Appetite 21:255-272.
  • de Muniz BR, Maresca BM, Tumilasci OR, Perec CJ (1983). Effects of an experimental diet on parotid saliva and dental plaque pH in institutionalized children. Arch Oral Biol 28:575-581.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Dodds MW, Hsieh SC, Johnson DA (1991). The effect of increased mastication by daily gum-chewing on salivary gland output and dental plaque acidogenicity. J Dent Res 70:1474-1478.
  • Dorrough BC (1985). The effect of contact between overdenture abutment teeth and overdenture on maximum biting force (thesis). San Antonio, TX: Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.
  • Edgerton M., Tabak LA, Levine MJ (1987). Saliva: a significant factor in removable prosthodontic treatment. J Prosthet Dent 57:57-66.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Ericson S. (1971). The variability of the human parotid flow rate on stimulation with citric acid, with special reference to taste. Arch Oral Biol 16:9-19.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Feldman RS, Alinan J., Muench ME, Chauncey HH (1984). Longitudinal stability and masticatory function of human dentition. Gerodontology 3:107-113.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Feller RP, Shannon IL (1970). Taste, tactile stimulation and parotid flow in the human. J Oral Med 25:87-88.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Fricton JR, Schiffman EL (1986). Reliability of a craniomandibular index. J Dent Res 65:1359-1364.
  • Fricton JR, Schiffman EL (1987). The craniomandibular index: validity. J Prosthet Dent 58:222-228.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Gilbert AD, Newton JP (1997). The effect of chronic periodontal disease on human jaw muscles: a pilot study using computed tomography. J Oral Rehabil 24:259-264.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Gjorstrup P. (1980). Taste and chewing as stimuli for the secretion of amylase from the parotid gland of the rabbit. Acta Physiol Scand 110:295-301.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Hall HD, Schneyer CA (1964). Salivary gland atrophy in rat induced by liquid diet. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 117:789-793.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Hall HD, Merig JJ Jr, Schneyer CA (1967). Metrecal-induced changes in human saliva. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 124:532-536.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Hector MP, Linden RW (1987). The possible role of periodontal mechanoreceptors in control of parotid secretion in man. Q J Exp Physiol 72:285-301.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Hiidenkari T., Parvinen T., Helenius H. (1996). Missing teeth and lost teeth of adults aged 30 years and over in south-western Finland. Community Dent Health 13:215-222.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Hiiemae K., Heath MR, Heath G., Kazazoglu E., Murray J., Sapper D., et al. (1996). Natural bites, food consistency and feeding behaviour in man. Arch Oral Biol 41:175-189.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Jainkittivong A., Johnson DA, Yeh C.-K (1997). Major salivary gland function in long-term complete denture wearers. Chin Dent J 16:202-209.
  • Jensen-Kjeilen JC, Brodin P., Aars H., Berg T. ( 1987). Parotid salivary flow in response to mechanical and gustatory stimulation in man. Acta Physiol Scand 131:169-175.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Johansson I., Ericson T., Steen L. (1984). Studies of the effect of diet on saliva secretion and caries development: the effect of fasting on saliva composition of female subjects. J Nutr 114:2010-2020.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Johnson DA (1987). Regulation of salivary glands and their secretions by masticatory, nutritional, and hormonal factors. In: The salivary system. Sreebny LM, editor. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., pp 135-155.
  • Johnson DA, Sreebny LM (1973). Effect of increased mastication on the secretory process of the rat parotid gland. Arch Oral Biol 18:1555-1557.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Johnson DA, Sreebny LM (1982). Effect of increasing the bulk content of the diet on the rat parotid gland and saliva. J Dent Res 61:691-696.
  • Kasai K., Richards LC, Kanazawa E., Ozaki T., Iwasawa T. (1994). Relationship between attachment of the superficial masseter muscle and craniofacial morphology in dentate and edentulous humans. J Dent Res 73:1142-1149.
  • Kiliaridis S., Tzakis MG, Carlsson GE (1995). Effects of fatigue and chewing training on maximal bite force and endurance. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 107:372-378.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Kroon GW, Naeije M. (1992). Electromyographic evidence of local muscle fatigue in a subgroup of patients with myogenous craniomandibular disorders. Arch Oral Biol 37:215-218.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Losso EM, Singer JM, Nicolau J. (1997). Effect of gustatory stimulation on flow rate and protein content of human parotid saliva according to the side of preferential mastication. Arch Oral Biol 42:83-87.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Makila E., Vaaja U. (1966). The relationship between the rate of flow, pH, buffer capacity and viscosity of the saliva and the number of extracted teeth. Proc Finn Dent Soc 62:195-200.
  • Michael CG, Javid NS, Colaizzi FA, Gibbs CH (1990). Biting strength and chewing forces in complete denture wearers. J Prosthet Dent 63:549-553.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Miyamoto K., Yamada K., Ishizuka Y., Morimoto N., Tanne K. (1996). Masseter muscle activity during the whole day in young adults. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 110:394-398.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Moreiras 0, van Staveren WA, Amorim Cruz JA, Carbajal A., de Henauw S., Grunenberger F., et al. (1996). Longitudinal changes in the intake of energy and macronutrients of elderly Europeans. SENECA Investigators. Eur J Clin Nutr 50(Suppl 2):S67-S76.
  • Navazesh M., Brightman VJ, Pogoda JM (1996). Relationship of medical status, medications, and salivary flow rates in adults of different ages. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 81:172-176.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Newton JP, Abel EW, Robertson EM, Yemm R. ( 1987). Changes in human masseter and medial pterygoid muscles with age: a study by computed tomography. Gerodontics 3:151-154.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Newton JP, Yemm R., Abel RW, Menhinick S. (1993). Changes in human jaw muscles with age and dental state. Gerodontology 10:16-22.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Osterberg T., Landahl S., Hedegard B. (1984). Salivary flow, saliva, pH and buffering capacity in 70-year-old men and women. Correlation to dental health, dryness in the mouth, disease and drug treatment. J Oral Rehabil 11:157-170.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Percival RS, Challacombe SJ, Marsh PD (1994). Flow rates of resting whole and stimulated parotid saliva in relation to age and gender. J Dent Res 73:1416-1420.
  • Schneyer CA, Hall HD ( 1966). Function of rat parotid gland after sympathectomy and total postganglionectomy. Am J Physiol 211:943-949.[Free Full Text]
  • Schneyer CA, Hall HD ( 1976). Neurally mediated increase in mitosis and DNA of rat parotid with increase in bulk of diet. Am J Physiol 230:911-915.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Scott BJ, Hassanwalia R., Linden RW (1998). The masticatory-parotid salivary reflex in edentulous subjects. J Oral Rehabil 25:28-33.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Shannon IL (1973). Reference for human parotid saliva collected at varying levels of exogenous stimulation. J Dent Res 52:1157.
  • Shannon IL, Prigmore JR, Chauncey HH (1962). Modified Carlson-Crittenden device for the collection of parotid fluid. J Dent Res 41:778-783.
  • Shannon IL, Terry JM, Chauncey HH (1969). Effect of a maxillary mouthguard on the parotid flow rate response to flavored solutions. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 130:1052-1054.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Shannon IL, Terry JM, Nakamoto RY (1970). Palatal coverage and parotid flow rate. J Prosthet Dent 24:601-607.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Shi CS (1989). Proportionality of mean voltage of masseter muscle to maximum bite force applied for diagnosing temporomandibular joint disturbance syndrome. J Prosthet Dent 62:682-684.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Ship JA, Fox PC, Baum BJ ( 1991). How much saliva is enough? 'Normal' function defined. JAm Dent Assoc 122:63-69.
  • Slagter AP, Bosman F., van der Glas HW, van der Bilt A. (1993). Human jaw-elevator muscle activity and food comminution in the dentate and edentulous state. Arch Oral Biol 38:195-205.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Sreebny LM, Valdini A., Yu A. (1989). Xerostomia. Part II: Relationship to nonoral symptoms, drugs and diseases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 68:419-427.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Svensson P., Arendt-Nielsen L., Houe L. ( 1998). Muscle pain modulates mastication: an experimental study in humans. J Orofac Pain 12:7-16.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Throckmorton GS, Dean JS ( 1994). The relationship between jaw-muscle mechanical advantage and activity levels during isometric bites in humans. Arch Oral Biol 39:429-437.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Tzakis MG, Osterberg T., Carlsson GE (1994). A study of some masticatory functions in 90-year-old subjects. Gerodontology 11:25-29.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • van Spronsen PH, Weijs WA, Valk J., Prahl-Andersen B., van Ginkel FC (1989). Comparison of jaw-muscle bite-force cross-sections obtained by means of magnetic resonance imaging and high-resolution CT scanning. J Dent Res 68:1765-1770.
  • Wayler AH, Chauncey HH (1983). Impact of complete dentures and impaired natural dentition on masticatory performance and food choice in healthy aging men. J Prosthet Dent 49:427-433.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Wayler AH, Muench ME, Kapur KK, Chauncey HH (1984). Masticatory performance and food acceptability in persons with removable partial dentures, full dentures and intact natural dentition. J Gerontol 39:284-289.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Wu AJ, Ship JA ( 1993). A characterization of major salivary gland flow rates in the presence of medications and systemic diseases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 76:301-306.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Wurtman JJ, Lieberman H., Tsay R., Nader T., Chew B. ( 1988). Calorie and nutrient intakes of elderly and young subjects measured under identical conditions. J Gerontol 43:B174-B180.[Abstract]
  • Yeh CK, Fox PC, Ship JA, Busch KA, Bermudez DK, Wilder AM, et al. (1988). Oral defense mechanisms are impaired early in HIV-1 infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1:361-366.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Yeh CK, Johnson DA, Dodds MW (1998). Impact of aging on human salivary gland function: a community-based study. Aging 10:421-428.

Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 79, No. 8, 1560-1565 (2000)
DOI: 10.1177/00220345000790080601
Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Asia Pac J Public HealthHome page
H. Ibayashi, T. Nishiyama, M. Tanaka, T.-M. Pham, J. Yano, K. Sakai, A. Kobayashi, N. Yakura, and S. Matsuda
Effects of Oral Health Care on Salivary Flow Rate in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Preliminary Study
Asia Pac J Public Health, July 1, 2009; 21(3): 279 - 286.
[Abstract] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Yeh, C.-K.
Right arrow Articles by Hatch, J.P.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Yeh, C.-K.
Right arrow Articles by Hatch, J.P.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?