This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Xu, H.H.K. Articles by Schumacher, G.E. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Xu, H.H.K. Articles by Schumacher, G.E. Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

Three-body Wear of a Hand-consolidated Silver Alternative to Amalgam

Paffenbarger Research Center, Building 224, Room A-153, American Dental Association Health Foundation

EC Eichmiller

Paffenbarger Research Center, Building 224, Room A-153, American Dental Association Health Foundation

A.A. Giuseppetti

Paffenbarger Research Center, Building 224, Room A-153, American Dental Association Health Foundation

L.K. Ives

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA

E.E. Parry

Paffenbarger Research Center, Building 224, Room A-153, American Dental Association Health Foundation

G.E. Schumacher

Paffenbarger Research Center, Building 224, Room A-153, American Dental Association Health Foundation

Recent studies have investigated a mercury-free silver alternative to amalgam, but the silver powders required a relatively high compaction pressure to consolidate. The aim of the present study was to consolidate a precipitated silver powder into a cohesive solid using an air-driven pneumatic condenser fitted with an amalgam plugger at a clinically realistic load, and to study the mechanisms and rates of three-body wear of the consolidated silver in comparison with that of an amalgam. The silver powder was annealed, rinsed with a dilute acid, and consolidated either in a prepared tooth cavity or in a specimen mold at a load of 15 N. A four-station wear machine was used where each specimen was immersed in a slurry containing polymethyl methacrylate beads, then a steel pin was loaded and rotated against the specimen at a maximum load of 76 N. The flexural strength in MPa (mean ± SD; n = 10) was 86 ± 20 for amalgam, 181 ± 45 for silver with a polished surface, and 202 ± 21 for silver with a burnished surface. After 4 x 105 wear cycles, the wear scar depth in µm was 134 ± 54 for amalgam, 143 ± 8 for polished silver, and 131 ± 9 for burnished silver, which were not significantly different (Tukey's multiple comparison test; family confidence coefficient = 0.95). SEM examination revealed cracks and fracture pits in the worn surface of amalgam, in contrast to a smooth surface in silver. Wear and material removal in amalgam occurred by microfracture and dislodgement of cracked segments, while wear in the silver occurred by ductile deformation and flow of materials. To conclude, the consolidated silver possesses a three-body wear resistance similar to that of amalgam, and a higher resistance to wear-induced damage and cracking than amalgam. The mechanism of wear in amalgam is microfracture and material dislodgement, while that in consolidated silver is ductile deformation and flow of material.

Key Words: amalgam alternative • clinical hand consolidation • damage modes • silver • three-body • wear mechanism

REFERENCES

• Anusavice KJ (1996). Challenges to the development of esthetic alternatives to dental amalgam in an academic research center. Acad Dent Mater Trans 9:25-50.
• ASTM F417-78, American Society for Testing and Materials (1984). Standard test method for flexural strength of electrical grade ceramics. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM.
• Averette DF, Marek M. (1983). The effect of tensile strain on corrosion of dental amalgam. J Dent Res 62:842-845.
• Bayne SC, Heymann HO, Swift EJ Jr (1994a). Update on dental composite restorations. J Am Dent Assoc 125:687-701.[Abstract]
• Bayne SC, Taylor DF, Rekow ED, Wilder AD, Heymann HO (1994b). Confirmation of Leinfelder clinical wear standards. Dent Mater 10:11-18.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Bowen RL (1962). Dental filling materials comprising vinyl-silane treated fused silica and a binder consisting of the reaction product of bis-phenol and glycidyl acrylate. US Patent No. 3,066,112.
• Bowen RL (1991). Microcrystalline inserts for megafilled composite dental restorations. US Patent No. 5,057,018.
• Condon JR, Ferracane JL (1996). Evaluation of composite wear with a new multi-mode oral wear simulator. Dent Mater 12:218-226.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Condon JR, Ferracane JL (1997). In vitro wear of composite with varied cure, filler level, and filler treatment. J Dent Res 76:1405-1411.
• Dariel MP, Admon U., Lashmore DS, Ratzker M., Giuseppetti A., Eichmiller FC (1995). A silver alternative to dental amalgam. J Mater Res 10:505-511.
• De Gee AJ, Pallav P., Davidson CL (1986). Effect of abrasion medium on wear of stress-bearing composites and amalgam in vitro. J Dent Res 65:654-658.
• De Gee AJ, Van Duinen RN, Werner A., Davidson CL (1996). Early and long-term wear of conventional and resin-modified glass ionomers. J Dent Res 75:1613-1619.
• DeLong R., Douglas WH (1991). An artificial oral environment for testing dental materials. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 38:339-345.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• DeLong R., Sakaguchi RL, Douglas WH, Pintado MR (1985). The wear of dental amalgam in an artificial mouth: a clinical correlation. Dent Mater 1:238-242.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Ferracane JL (1992). Using posterior composites appropriately. J Am Dent Assoc 123:53-58.[Abstract]
• Ferracane JL, Mitchem JC, Condon JR, Todd R. ( 1997). Wear and marginal breakdown of composites with various degrees of cure. J Dent Res 76:1508-1516.
• Gale EN, Osborne JW, Winchell PG (1982). Fracture at the margins of amalgam as predicted by creep, zinc content, and gamma-2 content. Dent Res 61:678-680.
• Kawai K., Leinfelder KF (1995). In vitro evaluation of OCA wear resistance of posterior composites. Dent Mater 11:246-251.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Kingman A., Albertini T., Brown LJ (1998). Mercury concentrations in urine and whole blood associated with amalgam exposure in a US military population. J Dent Res 77:461-471.
• Lashmore DS, Dariel MP, Johnson CE, Ratzker M., Giuseppetti A., Eichmiller FC, et al. (1994). Acid assisted cold welding and intermetallic formation and dental application thereof. US Patent application 8,317,719.
• Leinfelder KF (1994). After amalgam, what? Other materials fall short. J Am Dent Assoc 125:586-589.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Leinfelder KF, Mirshahidi M., Cury C., O'Neal W. (1991). An in vitro wear device for determining wear of posterior composites (abstract). J Dent Res 70:345.
• Lian K., Meletis El (1996). Corrosion of amalgams under sliding wear. Dent Mater 12:146-153.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Lutz F., Krejci I., Barbakow F. (1992). Chewing pressure vs. wear of composite and opposing enamel cusps. J Dent Res 71:1525-1529.
• Mackert JR Jr (1991). Dental amalgam and mercury. J Am Dent Assoc 122:54-61.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Mahler DB, Adey JD, Marek M. (1982). Creep and corrosion of amalgam. J Dent Res 61:33-35.
• Mair LH, Vowles RW, Cunningham J., Williams DF (1990). The clinical wear of three posterior composites. Br Dent J 169:355-360.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Mandel ID (1991). Amalgam hazards. An assessment of research. J Am Dent Assoc 122:62-65.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Marshall GW Jr, Jackson BL, Marshall SJ (1980). Copper-rich and conventional amalgam restorations after clinical use. J Am Dent Assoc 100:43-47.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• McKinney JE, Wu W. (1982). Relationship between subsurface damage and wear of dental restorative composites. J Dent Res 61:1083-1088.
• Mueller HJ (1998). Tarnish, corrosion, and electrochemical considerations of a consolidated silver particle material (abstract). J Dent Res 77(Spec Iss):119.
• Mueller HJ, Eichmiller FC (1997). Creep and fracture toughness of silver consolidated alternative amalgam. Acad Dent Mater Trans 10:332.
• Mueller HJ, Bapna MS, Knoeppel R. (1985). Human enamel-dental amalgam pin on disc wear. Dent Mater 1:31-35.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Navarro Mfl, Franco EB, Bastos PA, Teixeira LC, Carvalho RM (1996). Clinical evaluation of gallium alloy as a posterior restorative material. Quintessence Int 27:315-320.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Osborne JW, Leinfelder KF, Gale EN, Sluder TB (1980). Two independent evaluations of ten amalgam alloys. J Prosthet Dent 43:622-626.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Oshida Y., Moore BK (1993). Anodic polarization behavior and microstructure of a gallium-based alloy. Dent Mater 9:234-241.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Phillips RW (1991). Science of dental materials. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, pp. 318-319.
• Powell JM, Phillips RW, Norman RD (1975). In vitro wear response of composite resin, amalgam, and enamel. J Dent Res 54:1183-1195.
• Suzuki S., Leinfelder KF (1993). Localized wear and marginal integrity of posterior resin composites. Am J Dent 6:199-203.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Suzuki S., Suzuki S.H, Cox CF (1996). Evaluating the antagonistic wear of restorative materials. J Am Dent Assoc 127:74-80.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Taylor DF, Bayne SC, Leinfelder KF, Davis S., Koch GG ( 1994). Pooling of long-term clinical wear data for posterior composites. Am Dent 7:167-174.
• Willems G., Lambrechts P., Lesaffre E., Braem M., Vanherle G. (1993). Three-year follow-up of five posterior composites: SEM study of differential wear. J Dent 21:79-86.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Williams PT, Cahoon JR (1989). Amalgam margin breakdown caused by creep fatigue rupture. J Dent Res 68:1188-1193. Wilson AD, McLean JW (1988). Glass-ionomer cement. Chicago: Quintessence.
• Xu Hhk, Jahanmir S. (1996). Transitions in the mechanism of material removal in abrasive wear of alumina. Wear 192:228-232.
• Xu Hhk, Smith DT, Jahanmir S., Romberg E., Kelly JR, Thompson VP, et al. (1998a). Indentation damage and mechanical properties of human enamel and dentin. J Dent Res 77:472-480.
• Xu Hhk, Liao L., Eichmiller FC (1998b). Indentation creep of a direct filling silver alternative to amalgam. J Dent Res 77:1991-1998.
• Xu Hhk, Eichmiller FC, Giuseppetti AA, Johnson CE (1998c). Cyclic contact fatigue of a silver alternative to amalgam. Dent Mater 14:11-20.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 78, No. 9, 1560-1567 (1999)
DOI: 10.1177/00220345990780091101


CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Xu, H.H.K. Articles by Schumacher, G.E. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Xu, H.H.K. Articles by Schumacher, G.E. Social Bookmarking                         What's this?