This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Byrd, K.E. Articles by Domb, A.J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Byrd, K.E. Articles by Domb, A.J. Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

Craniofacial and TMJ Effects after Glutamate and TRH Microsphere Implantation in Proximity to Trigeminal Motoneurons of Growing Rats

Department of Anatomy, MS 259, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5120, USA, Department of Orthodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry

M.J. Sukay

Department of Anatomy, MS 259, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5120, USA

M.W. Dieterle

Department of Anatomy, MS 259, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5120, USA

L. Yang

Department of Anatomy, MS 259, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5120, USA

T.C. Marting

Department of Anatomy, MS 259, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5120, USA

D. Teomim

School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

A.J. Domb

School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

The sequelae of sustained, in vivo delivery of two important neurotransmitter substances, glutamate and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), upon craniofacial growth and development have previously not been investigated. Our purpose was to document and compare the relative effects of glutamate and TRH microspheres stereotactically placed in proximity to trigeminal motoneurons within the trigeminal motor nucleus. The following null hypotheses were tested: (1) TRH microspheres in proximity to trigeminal motoneurons have no significant effect upon the craniofacial skeleton, and (2) there are no significant differences between the relative effects of chronic, long-term delivery of glutamate and TRH upon the neuromusculoskeletal system of growing rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 experimental groups (glutamate microspheres, TRH microspheres, blank microspheres, sham surgeries) and underwent stereotactic neurosurgery at 35 days; 5 rats of each group were killed at 14 and 21 days for data collection. Histology revealed that implants were clustered in the pontine reticular formation, close to the ventrolateral tegmental nucleus. Both glutamate and TRH rats had implant-side deviation of their facial skeleton and snout regions; 4 x 2 ANOVA and post hoc t-tests revealed significant (P 0.05, 0.01) differences between groups and sides for motoneuron count, muscle weight, and osteometric data. TRH rats also demonstrated larger implant-side TMJ discs and mandibular fossae in comparison with the other groups. The stated null hypotheses were therefore rejected.

Key Words: trigeminal • motoneuron • TRH • glutamate • microspheres.

REFERENCES

• Askanas V., Engel WK, Eagleson K., Micaglio G. (1989). Influence of TRH and TRH analogues RGH-2202 and DN-1417 on Cultured ventral spinal cord neurons, Ann NY Acad Sci 553:325-336.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Behrents RG, Johnston LE Jr (1984), The influence of the trigeminal nerve on facial growth and development. Am J Orthod 85:199-206.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Byrd KE ( 1984). Masticatory movements and EMG activity following electrolytic lesions of the trigeminal motor nucleus in growing guinea pigs. Am J Orthod 86:146-161.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Byrd KE ( 1988a). Craniofacial sequelae of lesions to facial and trigeminal motor nuclei in growing rats. Am J Phys Anthopol 76:87-103.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Byrd KE ( 1988b). Loci and characteristics of EMG silent periods during masticatory mandibular movements in rats. J Dent Res 67:1284-1288.
• Byrd KE ( 1997). Characterization of brux-like movements in the laboratory rat by optoelectronic mandibular tracking and EMG techniques. Arch Oral Biol 42:33-43.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Byrd KE, Chai Y. ( 1988). Three-dimensional movement analysis of lateral pterygoid electromyographic activity during mastication in the rat. Arch Oral Biol 33:635-640.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Byrd KE, Hamilton-Byrd EL (1994). Polymeric delivery of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. In: Polymeric site-specific pharmacotherapy. Domb AJ, editor. New York: Wiley & Sons, pp. 142-155.
• Byrd KE, Stein ST (1990). Effects of lesions to the trigeminal motor nucleus on temporomandibular disc morphology. J Oral Rehabil 17:529-540.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Byrd KE, Stein ST, Sokoloff AJ, Shankar K. (1990). Craniofacial alterations following electrolytic lesions of the trigeminal motor nucleus in actively growing rats. Am J Anat 189:93-110.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Byrd KE, Domb AJ, Sokoloff AJ, Hamilton-Byrd EL (1992). Stimulation of trigeminal motoneurons by in vivo implantation of glutamate-impregnated microspheres. Polym Adv Technol 3:337-344.
• Chandler SH (1989). Evidence for excitatory amino acid transmission between mesencephalic nucleus of V afferents and jaw-closer motoneurons in the guinea pig. Brain Res 477:252-264.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Chandler SH, Nielsen SA, Goldberg LJ (1985). The effects of a glycine antagonist (strychnine) on cortically induced rhythmical jaw movements in the anesthetized guinea pig. Brain Res 325:181-186.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Clarke KA, Parker AJ (1986). Further studies on the effects of a thyrotropin releasing hormone analogue on locomotor activity in the rat. Neuropeptides 8:99-109.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• DeLahunta A. (1971). Small animal neurological
• examination. Vet Clin North Am 1:191-206.
• Domb AJ, Maniar M. (1993). Absorable biopolymers derived from dimer fatty acids. J Potym Sci 31:1275-1285.
• Easton JW, Carlson DS (1990). Adaptation of the lateral pterygoid and superficial masseter muscles to mandibular protrusion in the rat. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 97:149-158.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Fujita S., Hoshino K. (1989). Histochemical and immunohistochemical studies on the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint in rats. Acta Anat 134:26-30.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Fuxe K. ( 1965). Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system. IV. The distribution of monoamine terminals in the central nervous system. Acta Physiol Scand 64(Suppl):38-120.
• Gardner DE, Luschei ES, Joondeph DR (1980). Alterations in the facial skeleton of the guinea pig following a lesion of the trigeminal motor nucleus. Am j Orthod 78:66-80.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Ghadirian AM, Annable L., Belanger MC, Chouinard B. (1996). A cross-sectional study of Parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia in lithium-treated affective disordered patients. J Clin Psychiatry 57:22-28.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Grzanna R., Chee WK, Akeyson EW (1987). Noradrenergic projections to brainstem nuclei: evidence for differential projections from noradrenergic subgroups. J Comp Neurol 263:76-91.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Howard MA III, Gross A., Grady MS, Langer RS, Mathiowitz E., Winn HR, et al. (1989). Intracerebral drug delivery in rats with lesion-induced memory deficits. J Neurosurg 71:105-112.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Inoue T., Chandler SH, Goldberg LJ (1994). Neuro-pharmacological mechanisms underlying rhythmical discharge in trigeminal interneurons during fictive mastication. J Neurophysiol 71:2061-2073.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Jackson Imd (1982). Thyrotropin releasing hormone. N Engl J Med 306:145-155.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Johnson JV, Fone KC, Havler ME, Tullock IF, Bennett GW, Marsden CA (1989). A comparison of the motor behaviours produced by the intrathecal administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogues in the conscious rat. Neuroscience 29:463-470.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Katakura N., Chandler SH (1990). An iontophoretic analysis of the pharmacologic mechanisms responsible for trigeminal motoneuronal discharge during masticatory-like activity in the guinea pig. J Neurophysiol 63:356-369.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Kubek MJ, Lorincz MA, Wilber JF (1977). The identification of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic loci of the human nervous system. Brain Res 126:196-200.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Kubek MJ, Rea MA, Hodes ZI, Aprison MH (1983). Quantitation and characterization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in vagal nuclei and other regions of the medulla oblongata of the rat. J Neurochem 40:1307-1313.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Kubek MJ, Knoblach SM, Sharif NA, Burt DR, Buterbaugh GG, Fuson KS (1993). Thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression and receptors are differentially modified in limbic foci by seizures. Ann Neurol 33:70-76.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• LaBossiere E., Glickstein M. (1976). Histological processing for the neural sciences. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas.
• Lekkas C., Honee GL, van den Hooff A. (1988). Effects of
• experimental defects of the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint in rats. J Oral Rehabil 15:141-148.
• Leong KW, Brott BC, Langer R. (1985). Bioerodible polyanhydrides as drug-carrier matrices. I: Characterization, degradation, and release characteristics. J Biomed Mater Res 19:941-955.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Levitt P., Moore RY (1979). Origin and organization of brainstem catecholamine innervation in the rat. J Comp Neurol 186:505-528.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Levkovitch Y., Kronenberg J., Kayser N., Zvyagelski M., Gaoni B., Gadoth N. (1995). Clozapine for tardive dyskinesia in adolescents. Brain Dev 17:213-215.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Lomo T., Westgaard RH, Engebretsen L. (1980). Different stimulation patterns affect contractile properties of denervated rat soleus muscles. In: Muscle plasticity. Pette D, editor. Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 297-310.
• Lyons WE, Grzanna R. (1988). Noradrenergic neurons with divergent projections to the motor trigeminal nucleus and the spinal cord: a double retrograde neuronal labeling study. Neurosci 26:681-693.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Manaker S., Winokur A., Rostene WH, Rainbow TC (1985). Autoradiographic localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors in the rat central nervous system. J Neurosci 5:167-174.[Abstract]
• Maniar M., Domb AJ, Haffer A., Shah J. ( 1994). Controlled release of a local anesthetic from fatty acid dimer based polyanhydrides. J Control Rel 30:233-239.
• McGeer PL, Eccles JC, McGeer EG (1987). Molecular neurobiology of the mammalian brain. 2nd rev. ed. New York: Plenum.
• Merchenthaler I., Csemus V., Csontos C., Petrusz P., Mess B. ( 1988). New data on the immunocytochemical localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the rat central nervous system. Am J Anat 181:359-376.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Morilak DA, Jacobs BL (1985). Noradrenergic modulation of sensorimotor processes in intact rats: the masseteric reflex as a model system. J Neurosci 5:1300-1306.[Abstract]
• O'Brien Rad, Vrbova G. (1980). Nerve-muscle interactions during early development. In: Muscle plasticity. Pette D, editor. Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 271-282.
• Olney JW (1978). Neurotoxicity of excitatory amino acids. In: Kainic acid as a tool in neurobiology. McGeer EG, Olney JW, McGeer PL, editors. New York: Raven Press, pp. 95-122.
• Oudet C., Petrovic A., Garcia P. (1987). Kieferorthopadische Behandlung und Muskeleigentumlichkeiten. Fortschr Kieferorthop 48:276-297.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Oudet C., Petrovic A., Garcia P. (1988). An experimental orthopedic treatment of the rat mandible using a functional appliance alters the fibre- and myosin-types in masticatory muscles. Reprod Nutr Dev 28:795-803.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Palkovits M., Mezey E., Eskay RL, Brownstein MJ (1986). Innervation of the nucleus of the solitary tract and dorsal vagal nucleus by thyrotropin releasing hormone-containing raphe neurons. Brain Res 373:246-251.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Paxinos G., Watson C. (1986). The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. 2nd rev. ed. New York: Academic Press.
• Phillips C., Shapiro PA, Luschei ES (1982). Morphologic alterations in Macaca mulatta following destruction of the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Am J Orthod 81:292-298.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Rekling JC (1990). Excitatory effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in hypoglossal motoneurons. Brain Res 510:175-179.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Salmons S., Sreter FA (1976). Significance of impulse activity in the transformation of skeletal muscle type. Nature 263:30-34.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Semba K., Egger MD (1986). The facial "motor" nerve of the rat: control of vibrissal movement and examination of motor and sensory components. J Comp Neurol 247:144-158.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Sharif NA (1989). Quantitative autoradiography of TRH receptors in discrete brain regions of different mammalian species. Ann NY Acad Sci 553:147-175.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Shaw RM, Molyneux GS (1993). The effects of induced dental malocclusion on the fibrocartilage disc of the adult rabbit temporomandibular joint. Arch Oral Biol 38:415-422.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Stewart JM, Young JD (1984). Solid peptide synthesis. Rockford, IL: Price Chemical Company.
• Sweet RA, Mulsant BH, Gupta B., Rifai AH, Pasternak RE, McEachran A., et al. (1995). Duration of neuroleptic treatment and prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in late life. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:478-486.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Tabada Y., Domb A., Langer R. (1994). Injectable polyanhydride granules provide controlled release of water-soluble drugs with reduced initial burst. J Pharm Sci 83:5-11.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Travers JB (1985). Organization and projections of the orofacial motor nuclei. In: The rat nervous system. Vol. 2. Hindbrain and spinal cord. Paxinos G, editor. New York: Academic Press, pp. 111-128.
• Travers JB (1995). Oromotor nuclei. In: The rat nervous system. 2nd rev. ed. Paxinos G, editor. New York: Academic Press, pp. 239-255.
• Travers JB, Norgren R. (1983). Afferent projections to the oral motor nuclei in the rat. J Comp Neurol 220:280-298.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Vornov JJ, Sutin J. (1983). Brainstem projections to the normal and noradrenergically hyperinnervated trigeminal motor nucleus. J Comp Neurol 214:198-208.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Vornov JJ, Sutin J. (1986). Noradrenergic hyperinnervation of the motor trigeminal nucleus: alterations in membrane properties and responses to synaptic input. J Neurosci 6:30-37.[Abstract]
• Watson CR, Sakai S., Armstrong W. (1982). Organization of the facial nucleus in the rat. Brain Behav Evolut 20:19-28.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Woodside DG, Metaxas A., Altuna G. (1987). The influence of functional appliance therapy on glenoid fossa remodeling. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 92:181-198.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Yarbrough GG (1979). On the neuropharmacology of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). Prog Neurobiol 12:291-312.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 76, No. 8, 1437-1452 (1997)
DOI: 10.1177/00220345970760080601


CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Byrd, K.E. Articles by Domb, A.J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Byrd, K.E. Articles by Domb, A.J. Social Bookmarking                         What's this?