|
Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
|
Total Fluoride Intake in Children Aged 3 to 4 Years—A Longitudinal Study
N. Guha-Chowdhury
Department of Community Dental Health, School of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, Dental Research Unit, Health Research Council of New Zealand, PO Box 27-007, Wellington, New Zealand
B.K. Drummond
Department of Community Dental Health, School of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
A.C. Smillie
Department of Oral Biology and Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Several previous studies using food consumption tables or diet records have estimated that children aged 1 to 12 years resident in fluoridated (1 ppm) areas receive, on average, between 0.05 and 0.07 mg fluoride/kg body weight from foods and drinks alone. In this study, the duplicate-diet approach, which is a more accurate method of determining nutrient intake, was used to determine if levels of fluoride intake from foods and drinks are similar to those estimated from food consumption tables or diet records. Duplicate portions of all foods and drinks consumed over 24 hours by 66 children aged 3 to 4 years resident in fluoridated and low-fluoride areas of New Zealand were collected on three separate days over a period of 12 months and analyzed for fluoride. Fluoride intake from the use and ingestion of toothpastes and fluoride supplements was also determined for each child. It was hypothesized that the total amount of fluoride received by children in low-fluoride areas from diet, toothpastes, and fluoride supplements was similar to that received by children in fluoridated areas from diet and toothpastes. The mean fluoride intake from foods and drinks alone in the low-fluoride areas was 0.008 ± 0.003 mg/kg body weight (0.15 ± 0.06 mg/day; n = 34) and in the fluoridated areas was 0.019 ± 0.009 mg/kg body weight (0.36 ± 0.17 mg/day; n = 32). The mean fluoride intake from foods and drinks and toothpastes in the low-fluoride areas was 0.027 ± 0.012 mg/kg body weight (0.49 ± 0.25 mg/day) and in the fluoridated areas was 0.036 ± 0.015 mg/kg body weight (0.68 ± 0.27 mg/day). Fluoride intake from diet alone did not exceed 0.04 mg/kg body weight (0.74 mg/day), and fluoride intake from diet and toothpaste did not exceed 0.07 mg/kg body weight (1.31 mg/day). The results suggest that levels of fluoride intake from foods and drinks alone as estimated by the duplicate-diet approach are much lower than previously estimated from food consumption tables or diet records. It was calculated that if all children in the low-fluoride areas were to take currently recommended dosages of fluoride tablets, which have been based on dietary surveys and diet records, then the total fluoride intake of some children in the low-fluoride areas would exceed that of their counterparts in the fluoridated areas. The results suggest that currently recommended dosages of fluoride tablets need to be further reduced if dental fluorosis in children is to be avoided.
Key Words: Fluorides • diet • dentifrices • supplements • children
REFERENCES
- Aasenden R., Peebles TC (1974). Effects of fluoride supplementation from birth on human deciduous and
- permanent teeth. Arch Oral Biol 19:321-324.
- Abdulla M., Andersson I., Belfrage P., Dencker I., Jagerstad M., Melander A., et al. (1979). Assessment of food consumption. Scand J Gastroenterol 52:28-41.
- Adair SM, Wei SHY (1978). Supplemental fluoride recommendations for infants based on dietary fluoride intake. Caries Res 12:76-82.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- American Academy of Pediatrics (1979). Committee on Nutrition. Fluoride supplementation-revised dosage schedule. Pediatrics 63:150-152.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- American Dental Association (1994). New fluoride guidelines proposed. J Am Dent Assoc 125:366.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Angmar-Mansson B, Ericsson Y, Ekberg 0 (1976). Plasma fluoride and enamel fluorosis. Calcif Tissue Res 22:77-84. Barnhart WE, Hiller LK, Leonard GJ, Michaels SE (1974). Dentifrice usage and ingestion among four age groups. J Dent Res 53:1317-1322.
- Basiotis PP, Welsh SO, Cronin FJ, Kelsay JL, Mertz W. (1987). Number of days of food intake records required to estimate individual and group nutrient intakes with defined confidence. J Nutr 117:1638-1641.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Birkhed D. (1990). Behavioural aspects of dietary habits and dental caries. Diet, nutrition and dental caries. Caries Res 24(Suppl):27-35.
- Brunetti A., Newbrun E. (1983). Fluoride balance of children 3 and 4 years old (abstract). Caries Res 17:171.
- Burt BA ( 1992). The changing patterns of systemic fluoride intake. J Dent Res 71:1228-1237.
- Canadian Workshop Meeting (1994). Report of the Canadian workshop on the evaluation of current recommendations concerning fluorides. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 22:140-143.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Chowdhury NG, Brown RH, Shepherd MG (1990). Fluoride intake of infants in New Zealand. J Dent Res 69:1828-1833. Clinical Services Letter No. 222 (1983). Fluorides and the prevention of dental caries. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Health, 14 September.
- Clovis J, Hargreaves JA (1988). Fluoride intake from beverage consumption. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 16:11-15. Ekstrand J (1989). Fluoride intake in early infancy. J Nutr 119:1856-1860.
- Ericsson Y., Forsman B. (1969). Fluoride retained from mouthrinses and dentifrices in preschool children. Caries Res 3:290-299.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Evans RW, Stamm JW (1991). An epidemiologic estimate of the critical period during which human maxillary central incisors are most susceptible to fluorosis. J Public Health Dent 51:251-259.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Farkas CS, Farkas EJ (1974). Potential effect of food processing on the fluoride content of infant foods. Sci Total Environ 2:399-405.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Fejerskov O., Thylstrup A., Larsen MJ (1977). Clinical and structural features and possible pathogenic mechanisms of dental fluorosis. Scand J Dent Res 85:510-534.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Fejerskov O., Stephen KW, Richards A., Speirs R. (1987). Combined effect of systemic and topical fluoride treatments on human deciduous teeth-case studies. Caries Res 21:452-459.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Fejerskov 0, Manji F, Baelum V (1990). The nature and mechanisms of dental fluorosis in man. J Dent Res 69:692-700. Forrester DJ, Schulz EM (1974). Proceedings of the international workshop on fluorides and dental caries reduction. Baltimore, MD: School of Dentistry, University of Maryland.
- Guha-Chowdhury N. (1992). Factors influencing caries activity in children-A longitudinal study (dissertation). Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago.
- Ham MP, Smith MD (1950). Fluoride studies related to the human diet. Can J Res 28:227-233.
- Hargreaves JA, Ingram GS, Wagg BJ (1972). A gravimetric study of the ingestion of toothpaste by children. Caries Res 6:237-243. Ishii T, Suckling G (1986). The appearance of tooth enamel in children ingesting water with a high fluoride content for a limited period during early tooth development. J Dent Res 65:974-977.
- Ismail AI, Burt BA, Eklund SA (1984). The cariogenicity of soft drinks in the United States. J Am Dent Ass 109:241-245. Ismail AI, Brodeur JM, Kavanagh M, Boisclair G, Tessier C, Picotte L (1990). Prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis in students, 11-17 years of age, in fluoridated and non-fluoridated cities in Quebec. Caries Res 24:290-297. Kruger BJ (1967). Histological effects of fluoride and molybdenum on developing dental tissues. Aust Dent J 12:54-60.
- McClure FJ (1943). Ingestion of fluoride and dental caries. Quantitative relations based on food and water requirements of children one to twelve years old. Am J Dis Child 66:362-369.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- McKay FS (1925). Mottled enamel: a fundamental problem in dentistry. Dent Cosmos 67:847-860.
- Ophaug RH, Singer L, Harland BF (1985). Dietary fluoride intake of 6-month and 2-year-old children in four dietary regions of the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 42:701-707. Pang DT, Phillips CL, Bawden JW (1992). Fluoride intake from beverage consumption in a sample of North Carolina children. J Dent Res 71:1382-1388.
- Pendrys DG, Stamm JW (1990). Relationship of total fluoride intake to beneficial effects and enamel fluorosis. J Dent Res 69:529-538.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Richards A., Kragstrup J., Josephsen K., Fejerskov O. (1986). Dental fluorosis developed in post-secretory enamel. J Dent Res 65:1406-1409.
- Riordan PJ, Banks JA (1991). Dental fluorosis and fluoride exposure in Western Australia. J Dent Res 70:1022-1028. Taves DR (1968). Separation of fluoride by rapid diffusion using hexamethyldisiloxane. Talanta 15:969-974.
- Wiatrowski E., Kramer L., Osis D., Spencer H. (1975). Dietary fluoride intake of infants. Pediatrics 55:517-522.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 75, No. 7,
1451-1457 (1996)
DOI: 10.1177/00220345960750070401
 CiteULike  Complore  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati  Twitter What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
M.H.C. Rodrigues, A.L. Leite, A. Arana, R.S. Villena, F.D.S. Forte, F.C. Sampaio, and M.A.R. Buzalaf
Dietary Fluoride Intake by Children Receiving Different Sources of Systemic Fluoride
Journal of Dental Research,
February 1, 2009;
88(2):
142 - 145.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
