This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by von Troil-Lindén, B. Articles by Asikainen, S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by von Troil-Lindén, B. Articles by Asikainen, S. Pubmed/NCBI databases Compound via MeSH Substance via MeSH Hazardous Substances DB METRONIDAZOLE Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

Salivary Levels of Suspected Periodontal Pathogens in Relation to Periodontal Status and Treatment

Department of Periodontology

H. Torkko

Institute of Dentistry, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland

S. Alaluusua

Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

H. Jousimies-Somer

Anaerobe Reference Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland

S. Asikainen

Department of Periodontology, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland

The primary ecological niche for suspected periodontal pathogens seems to be the subgingival area, even though periodontal pathogens are also frequently recovered from saliva. The interrelationship of different periodontal conditions and the salivary levels of suspected periodontal pathogens is not known. In the present study, salivary levels of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, and Peptostreptococcus micros were determined by bacterial culture and related to clinical periodontal status in 40 subjects with either advanced, moderate, or initial/no periodontitis. Culture-positive subjects harbored the 5 bacterial species in mean numbers ranging from 2 x 105 to 6 x 107 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL saliva. A. actinomycetemcomitans was found in none and P. gingivalis in one of the subjects with initial periodontitis, whereas both species were found in 33% and 44%, respectively, of the subjects with moderate periodontitis and in 60% and 40%, respectively, of the subjects with advanced periodontitis. The mean numbers of CFU/mL of P. intermedia, C. rectus and P. micros were significantly higher in subjects with advanced periodontitis than in subjects with initial/no periodontitis. Ten patients with advanced periodontitis were treated mechanically and with adjunctive systemic metronidazole, and were re-examined 1 and 6 months after treatment. Periodontal treatment eradicated or significantly reduced the levels of salivary periodontal pathogens for half a year, whereas in untreated subjects, the levels and the detection frequencies generally remained fairly stable. In conclusion, the results showed that the salivary levels of periodontal pathogens reflect the periodontal status of the patient.

Key Words: periodontitis • periodontal bacteria • spouses • saliva • bacterial levels

REFERENCES

• Alaluusua S., Kleemola-Kujala E., Gronroos L., Evalahti M. (1990). Salivary caries-related tests as predictors of future caries increment in teenagers. A three-year longitudinal study. Oral Microbiol Immunol 5:77-81.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Alaluusua S., Saarela M., Jousimies-Somer H., Asikainen S. (1993). Ribotyping shows intrafamilial similarity in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans isolates. Oral Microbiol Immunol 8:225-229.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Asikainen S., Alaluusua S., Saxen L. (1991). Recovery of A. actinomycetemcomitans from teeth, tongue and saliva. J Periodontol 62:203-206.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• DiRienzo JM, Slots J. (1990). Genetic approach to the study of epidemiology and pathogenesis of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in localized juvenile periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol #35(Suppl):79-84.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Dzink JL, Socransky SS, Haffajee AD (1988). The predominant cultivable microbiota of active and inactive lesions of destructive periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol 15:316-323.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Haffajee AD, Dzink JL, Socransky SS (1988a). Effect of modified Widman flap surgery and systemic tetracycline on the subgingival microbiota of periodontal lesions. J Clin Periodontol 15:255-262.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Haffajee AD, Socransky SS, Dzink JL, Taubman MA, Ebersole JL (1988b). Clinical, microbiological and immunological features of subjects with refractory periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol 15:390-398.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Hammond BF, Mallonee D. (1988). A selective/differential medium for Wolinella recta (abstract). J Dent Res 67(Spec Iss):327.
• Kononen E., Saarela M., Karjalainen J., Jousimies-Somer H., Alaluusua S., Asikainen S. (1994a). Transmission of oral Prevotella melaninogenica between a mother and her young child. Oral Microbiol Immunol 9:310-314.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Kononen E., Jousimies-Somer H., Asikainen S. (1994b). The most frequently isolated Gram-negative anaerobes in saliva and subgingival samples taken from young women. Oral Microbiol Immunol 9:126-128.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Lai C-H., Oshima K., Slots J., Listgarten MA (1992). Wolinella recta in adult gingivitis and periodontitis. J Periodont Res 27:8-14. Loesche WJ, Giordano JR, Hujoel P., Schwarcz J., Smith BA (1992). Metronidazole in periodontitis: reduced need for surgery. J Clin Periodontol 19:103-112.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Magnusson I., Lindhe J., Yoneyama T., Liljenberg B. (1984). Recolonization of a subgingival microbiota following scaling in deep pockets. J Clin Periodontol 11:193-207. Merchant VA (1991). Herpesviruses and other microorganisms of concern in dentistry. Dent Clin North Am 35:283-298. Moller AJR (1966). Microbiological examination of root canals and periapical tissues of human teeth. Odontol Tidskr 74:1-380.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Miiller H-P., Lange DE, Muller RF (1993). Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans recovery from extracrevicular locations of the mouth. Oral Microbiol Immunol 8:344-348. Pedrazzoli V., Kilian M., Karring T., Kirkegaard E. (1991). Effect of surgical and non-surgical periodontal treatment on periodontal status and subgingival microbiota. J Clin Periodontol 18:598-604.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Petit MDA, van Steenbergen TJM, de Graaff J., van der Velden U. (1993). Transmission of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in families of adult periodontitis patients. J Periodont Res 28:335-345.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Preus HR, Zambon JJ, Dunford RG, Genco RJ (1994). The distribution and transmission of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in families with established adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 65:2-7.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Rams TE, Feik D., Listgarten MA, Slots J. (1992). Peptostreptococcus micros in human periodontitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 7:1-6.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Renvert S., Wikstrom M., Dahlen G., Slots J., Egelberg J. (1990). Effect of root debridement on the elimination of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Bacteroides gingivalis from periodontal pockets. J Clin Periodontol 17:345-350.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Rosenberg ES, Grossberg DE, Hammond B. (1989). The effect of
• scaling, root planing, and curettage on cultivable microflora associated with periodontal disease. Int J Periodont Rest Dent 9:22-33.
• Saarela M., von Troil-Linden B., Torkko H., Stucki A.-M, Alaluusua S., Jousimies-Somer H., et al. (1993). Transmission of oral bacterial species between spouses. Oral Microbiol Immunol 8:349-354.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Saxen L., Asikainen S. (1993). Metronidazole in the treatment of localized juvenile periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 20:166-171. Sbordone L., Ramaglia L., Gulletta E., Iacono V. (1990). Recolonization of the subgingival microflora after scaling and root planing in human periodontitis. J Periodontol 61:579-584.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Schuster GS (1990). Bacterial infections. In: Oral microbiology & infectious disease. Schuster GS, editor. Philadelphia: B.C. Decker, Inc., pp. 226-293.
• Slots J. (1982). Selective medium for isolation of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. J Clin Microbial 15:606-609.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Slots J., Rams TE ( 1992). Microbiology of periodontal disease. In: Contemporary oral microbiology and immunology. Slots J, Taubman MA, editors. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc., pp. 425-443.
• Slots J., Rosling BG (1983). Suppression of the periodontopathic microflora in localized juvenile periodontitis by systemic tetracycline. J Clin Periodontol 10:465-486.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Socransky SS, Haffajee AD (1993). Effect of therapy on periodontal infections. J Periodontol 64:754-759.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Tanner ACR, Haffer C., Bratthall GT, Visconti RA, Socransky SS (1979). A study of the bacteria associated with advancing periodontitis in man. J Clin Periodontol 6:278-307.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Van Oosten MAC, Mikx FHM, Renggli HH (1987). Microbial
• and clinical measurements of periodontal pockets during sequential periods of non-treatment, mechanical debridement and metronidazole therapy. J Clin Periodontol 14:197-204.
• Van Steenbergen TJM, Petit Mda, Scholte Lhm, van der Velden U., de Graaff J. (1993). Transmission of Porphyromonas gingivalis between spouses. J Clin Periodontol 20:340-345.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Van Winkelhoff AJ, van der Velden U., de Graaff J. (1988a). Microbial succession in recolonizing deep periodontal pockets after a single course of supra- and subgingival debridement. J Clin Periodontol 15:116-122.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Van Winkelhoff AJ, van der Velden U., Clement M., de Graaff J. (1988b). Intra-oral distribution of black-pigmented Bacteroides species in periodontitis patients. Oral Microbiol Immunol 3:83-85.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Van Winkelhoff AJ, Rodenburg JP, Goene RJ, Abbas F., Winkel EG, de Graaff J. (1989). Metronidazole plus amoxycillin in the treatment of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans associated periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 16:128-131.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Von Troil-Linden B., Torkko H., Alaluusua S., Wolf J., Jousimies-Somer H., Asikainen S. (1995a). Periodontal findings in spouses. A clinical, radiographic and microbiological study. J Clin Periodontol 22:93-99.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Von Troil-Linden B., Saarela M., Matto J., Alaluusua S., Jousimies-Somer H., Asikainen S. (1995b). Source of suspected periodontal pathogens recolonizing after periodontal treatment. J Clin Periodontol (in press).
• Zickert I., Emilson CG, Krasse B. (1982). Effect of caries preventive measures in children highly infected with the bacterium Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol 27:861-868.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 74, No. 11, 1789-1795 (1995)
DOI: 10.1177/00220345950740111201


CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				K. Hyvarinen, S. Laitinen, S. Paju, A. Hakala, L. Suominen-Taipale, M. Skurnik, E. Kononen, and P. J. Pussinen Detection and quantification of five major periodontal pathogens by single copy gene-based real-time PCR Innate Immunity, August 1, 2009; 15(4): 195 - 204. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S.-i. Tanabe, C. Bodet, and D. Grenier Peptostreptococcus micros cell wall elicits a pro-inflammatory response in human macrophages Innate Immunity, August 1, 2007; 13(4): 219 - 226. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. Kononen, S. Paju, P. J. Pussinen, M. Hyvonen, P. Di Tella, L. Suominen-Taipale, and M. Knuuttila Population-Based Study of Salivary Carriage of Periodontal Pathogens in Adults J. Clin. Microbiol., August 1, 2007; 45(8): 2446 - 2451. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L.M. Smoot, J.C. Smoot, H. Smidt, P.A. Noble, M. Konneke, Z.A. McMurry, and D.A. Stahl DNA Microarrays as Salivary Diagnostic Tools for Characterizing the Oral Cavity's Microbial Community Advances in Dental Research, June 1, 2005; 18(1): 6 - 11. [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by von Troil-Lindén, B. Articles by Asikainen, S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by von Troil-Lindén, B. Articles by Asikainen, S. Pubmed/NCBI databases Compound via MeSH Substance via MeSH Hazardous Substances DB METRONIDAZOLE Social Bookmarking                         What's this?