This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Jones, C.L. Articles by Van Der Ouderaa, F. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Jones, C.L. Articles by Van Der Ouderaa, F. Pubmed/NCBI databases Compound via MeSH Substance via MeSH Hazardous Substances DB ZINC COMPOUNDS Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

The Effect of Long-term Use of a Dentifrice Containing Zinc Citrate and a Non-ionic Agent on the Oral Flora

Unilever Research, Gibbs Dental Division, Port Sunlight Laboratory, Merseyside L63 3JW, United Kingdom

J.A. Ritchie

Unilever Research, Gibbs Dental Division, Port Sunlight Laboratory, Merseyside L63 3JW, United Kingdom

P.D. Marsh

Bacterial Metabolism Research Laboratory, PHLS Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 OKG, United Kingdom

F. Van Der Ouderaa

Unilever Research, Gibbs Dental Division, Port Sunlight Laboratory, Merseyside L63 3JW, United Kingdom

The effect on the oral ecology of daily use, for seven months, of a dentifrice containing 0.5% (w/w) zinc citrate and a non-ionic agent, i.e., 0.2% (wlw) Triclosan (2,4,4' -trichloro-2' -hydroxydiphenyl ether), has been monitored on 13 adult volunteers. Plaque and saliva were sampled monthly and the bacterial flora analyzed. Twenty-six volunteers used a placebo dentifrice as part of their normal oral hygiene for four months to establish the baseline microbial flora. The volunteers were then split into two equal groups: One group continued to use the placebo dentifrice; the other used the dentifrice containing zinc citrate and Triclosan. There was no evidence that seven months' use of a dentifrice containing 0.5% zinc citrate and 0.2% Triclosan caused shifts in the oral microbial ecology, nor was there any evidence of developing bacterial resistance to Triclosan.

REFERENCES

• Ashley, F.P.; Wilson, R.F.; and Woods, A.P.M. (1985): Effect of a School-based Plaque Control Programme on the Microbiology of Dental Plaque, Caries Res 19:422-432.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Bowden, G.H.; Hardie, J.M.; and Fillery, E.D. (1976): Antigens from Actinomyces Species and their Value in Identification, J Dent Res 55:A192-A204.[Free Full Text]
• Bowden, G.H.W.; Odlum, 0.; Nolette, N.; and Hamilton, I.R. (1982): Microbial Populations Growing in the Presence of Fluoride at Low pH Isolated from Dental Plaque of Children Living in an Area with Fluoridated Water, Infect Immun 36: 247-254.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Briner, W.W.; Grossman, E.; Buckner, R.Y.; Rebitski, G.F.; Sox, T.E.; Setser, R.E.; and Ebert, M.L. (1986a): Effect of Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthrinse on Plaque Bacteria, J Periodont Res (Supp.) 16:44-52.
• Briner, W.W.; Grossman, E.; Buckner, R.Y.; Rebitski, G.F.; Sox, T.E.; Setser, R.E.; and Ebert, M.L. (1986b): Assessment of Susceptibility of Plaque Bacteria to Chlorhexidine after Six Months' Oral Use, J Periodont Res (Supp.) 16:53-59.
• Emilson, C.G. and Fornell, J. (1976): Effect of Tooth Brushing with Chlorhexidine Gel on Salivary Microflora, Oral Hygiene, and Caries, Scand J Dent Res 84:308-319.
• Emilson, C.G.; Krasse, B.; and Westergren, G. (1976): Effect of a Fluoride-containing Chlorhexidine Gel on Bacteria in Human Plaque.
• Fleiss, J.L. (1980): Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions, London: Wiley.
• Furia, T.E. and Schenkel, A.G. (1968): 2,4,4-Trichloro-2-Hydroxydiphenyl Ether. New, Broad Spectrum Bacteriostat, Soap Chem Special 47-50.
• Gold, O.G.; Jordan, H.V.; and Van Houte, J. (1973): A Selective Medium for Streptococcus mutans, Arch Oral Biol 18:1357-1364.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Holdeman, L.V.; Cato, E.P.; and Moore, W.E.C. (1977): Anaerobe Laboratory Manual, 4th ed., Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
• Hull, P.S. (1980): Chemical Inhibition of Plaque, J Clin Periodont 7:431-442.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Jones, C.L.; Stephen, K.W.; Ritchie, J.A.; Huntington, E.; and Van Der Ouderaa, F. (1987): Long-term Exposure of Plaque to Zinc Citrate, Caries Res (in press).
• Klock, B.; Serling, J.; Kinder, S.; Manwell, M.A.; and Tinanoff, N. (1985): Comparison of Effect of SnF2 and NaF Mouthrinses on Caries Incidence, Salivary S. mutans and Gingivitis in High Caries Prevalent Adults, Scand J Dent Res 93:213-217.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Loesche, W.J. (1976): Chemotherapy of Dental Plaque Infections, Oral Science Rev 9:65-107.
• Meiers, J.C. and Schachtele, C.F. (1984): The Effect of an Antibacterial Solution on the Microflora of Human Incipient Fissure Caries, J Dent Res 63:47-51.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Moore, W.E.C.; Ranney, R.R.; and Holdeman, L.V. (1982): Subgingival Microflora in Periodontal Disease: Cultural Studies. In: Host-Parasite Interactions in Periodontal Diseases, R.J. Genco and S.E. Mergenhagen, Eds., Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, pp. 13-26.
• Page, R.C. (1986): Gingivitis, J Clin Periodont 13:345-355.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Saxton, C.A. (1985): The Effects of a Dentifrice Containing Zinc Citrate and 2,4,4 Trichloro-2-Hydroacydiphenyl Ether, J Periodont 57:555-561.
• Saxton, C.A.; Harrap, G.J.; and Lloyd, A.M. (1986): The Effect of Dentifrices Containing Zinc Citrate on Plaque Growth and Oral Zinc Levels, J Clin Periodont 13:301-306.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Saxton, C.A.; Lane, R.M.; and Van Der Ouderaa, F. (1987a): The Effects of a Dentifrice Containing a Zinc Salt and a Non-cationic Antimicrobial Agent on Plaque and Gingivitis, J Clin Periodont 14:144-148.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Saxton, C.A.; Svatun, B.; and Lloyd, A.M. (1987b): The Antiplaque Effects and Mode of Action of the Combination of Zinc Citrate and a Nonionic Antimicrobial Agent, Scand J Dent Res (in press).
• Schiott, C.R.; Briner, W.W.; and Loe, H. (1976a): Two Years' Oral Use of Chlorhexidine in Man. II. The Effect on the Salivary Bacterial Flora, J Periodont Res 11:145-152.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Schiott, C.R.; Briner, W.W.; Kirkland, J.J.; and Loe, H. (1976b): Two Years' Oral Use of Chlorhexidine in Man. III. Changes in Sensitivity of the Salivary Flora, J Periodont Res 11:153-157.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Socransky, S.S. (1977): Microbiology of Periodontal Disease, Recent Status and Future Considerations, J Periodont 48:497-504.
• Socransky, S.S.; Manganiello, A.D.; Propas, D.; Oram, V.; and Van Houte, J. (1977): Bacteriological Studies of Developing Supragingival Dental Plaque, J Periodont Res 12:90-106.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Svanberg, M. and Rolla, G. (1982): Streptococcus mutans in Plaque and Saliva After Mouthrinsing with SnF2, Scand J Dent Res 90:292-298.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Svanberg, M. and Westergren, G. (1983): Effect of SnF2 Administered as Mouthrinses or Topically Applied, on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis and Lactobacilli in Dental Plaque and Saliva, Scand J Dent Res 91:923-129.
• Svatun, B.; Saxton, C.A.; Van Der Ouderaa, F.; and Rolla, G. (1987): The Influence of a Dentifrice Containing a Zinc Salt and a Nonionic Antimicrobial Agent on the Maintenance of Gingival Health, J Clin Periodontol 14:457-461.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Syed, S.A. and Loesche, W.J. (1972): Survival of Human Dental Plaque Flora in Various Transport Media, Appl Micro 24:638-644.
• Thomson, L.A.; Little, W.A.; Bowen, W.H.; Sierra, L.I.; Aguirrer, M.; and Gillespie, G. (1980): Prevalence of Streptococcus mutans Serotypes, Actinomyces, and Other Bacteria in the Plaque of Children, J Dent Res 59:1581-1589.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Vischer, W.A. and Regos, J. (1974): Antimicrobial Spectrum of Triclosan, a Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Agent for Topical Application, Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg (A) 226:376-389.

Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 67, No. 1, 46-50 (1988)
DOI: 10.1177/00220345880670010901


CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				A. J. McBain, R. G. Ledder, P. Sreenivasan, and P. Gilbert Selection for high-level resistance by chronic triclosan exposure is not universal J. Antimicrob. Chemother., May 1, 2004; 53(5): 772 - 777. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. McBain, R. G. Bartolo, C. E. Catrenich, D. Charbonneau, R. G. Ledder, and P. Gilbert Effects of Triclosan-Containing Rinse on the Dynamics and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of In Vitro Plaque Ecosystems Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., November 1, 2003; 47(11): 3531 - 3538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D.J. Bradshaw, P.D. Marsh, G.K. Watson, and D. Cummins The Effects of Triclosan and Zinc Citrate, Alone and in Combination, on a Community of Oral Bacteria Grown in vitro Journal of Dental Research, January 1, 1993; 72(1): 25 - 30. [Abstract] [PDF]

				P.D. Marsh Microbiological Aspects of the Chemical Control of Plaque and Gingivitis Journal of Dental Research, July 1, 1992; 71(7): 1431 - 1438. [Abstract] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Jones, C.L. Articles by Van Der Ouderaa, F. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Jones, C.L. Articles by Van Der Ouderaa, F. Pubmed/NCBI databases Compound via MeSH Substance via MeSH Hazardous Substances DB ZINC COMPOUNDS Social Bookmarking                         What's this?