| Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools. |
Effectiveness of 4 Pulpotomy Techniques—Randomized Controlled Trial
1 Department of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dental School, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany; Correspondence: * corresponding author, khuth{at}dent.med.uni-muenchen.de
Pulpotomy is the accepted therapy for the management of cariously exposed pulps in symptom-free primary molars; however, evidence is lacking about the most appropriate technique. The aim of this study was to compare the relative effectiveness of the Er:YAG laser, calcium hydroxide, and ferric sulfate techniques with that of dilute formocresol in retaining such molars symptom-free. Two hundred primary molars in 107 healthy children were included and randomly allocated to one of the techniques. The treated teeth were blindly re-evaluated after 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Descriptive data analysis and logistic regression analysis, accounting for each patient’s effect by a generalized estimating equation (GEE), were used. After 24 months, the following total and clinical success rates were determined (%): formocresol 85 (96), laser 78 (93), calcium hydroxide 53 (87), and ferric sulfate 86 (100). Only calcium hydroxide performed significantly worse than formocresol (p = 0.001, odds ratio = 5.6, 95% confidence interval 2.0–15.5). In conclusion, calcium hydroxide is less appropriate for pulpotomies than is formocresol.
Key Words: pulpotomy • primary molars • RCT
Pulpotomy is the common therapy for cariously exposed pulps in symptom-free primary molars, its aim being to preserve the radicular pulp, to avoid pain and swelling, and, ultimately, to retain the tooth (Fuks, 2002). Although many techniques have been suggested (Ranly and García-Godoy, 2000), a recent Cochrane Review found that evidence is lacking as to which is the most appropriate technique (Nadin et al., 2003). Dilute formocresol is regarded as the "gold standard" (King et al., 2002), but concerns about cytotoxicity and potential mutagenicity have been reported (Lewis, 1998). Calcium hydroxide has been reported to cause internal resorption (Schröder, 1978). Ferric sulfate has been used recently, due to its hemostatic effect (Fuks, 2002). The Er:YAG laser has also been suggested as an alternative, due to its hemostatic, antimicrobial, and cell-stimulating properties (Matsumoto, 2000; Schoop et al., 2002; Kimura et al., 2003), with only slight thermal alteration to the pulpal tissue (Jayawardena et al., 2001). Currently, there are no controlled clinical studies where this technique is being used. Reported according to the CONSORT statement (Moher et al., 2001), the present study aimed to determine the relative effectiveness of these three techniques in comparison with that of dilute formocresol.
Participants Participants were healthy children (  8 yrs old), with at least 1 symptom-free, restorable primary molar with a cariously exposed vital pulp. Clinical exclusion criteria were spontaneous pain, swelling, tenderness to percussion, pathological mobility, and initially unsuccessful hemorrhage control. We excluded teeth with pre-operative radiographic pathology such as resorption, periradicular or furcal radiolucency, a widened periodontal ligament space, or physiological root resorption of more than one-third. Between November, 1999, and September, 2002, all children attending the Pedodontic Section, Department of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, University of Munich, and meeting the criteria were enrolled. After ethical approval (No. 281/99) and informed parental consent, two pedodontists performed the pulpotomies while the subjects were under local anesthesia or general anesthesia, without the additional use of local anesthetics.
Interventions Within the control group, formocresol-moistened pellets were placed on the pulp stumps for 5 min. Er:YAG laser radiation (wavelength, 2.94 µm) was delivered to the canal orifices with a special handpiece (KEY Laser 1242; handpiece 2051, KaVo, Biberach, Germany), with parameters set at 2 Hz and 180 mJ/pulse without water cooling (Keller and Hibst, 1991). The mean number of laser pulses per tooth was 31.5 ± 5.9, equally distributed to each pulp stump. In the calcium hydroxide group, the canal orifices were dressed with aqueous calcium hydroxide (Calxyl®, OCO Präparate GmbH, Dirmstein, Germany), slightly dampened and covered with a calcium hydroxide cement (Kerr® Life, Kerr GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany). Ferric-sulfate-wetted pellets (Astringedent®, Ultradent Products Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA) were placed on the pulp stumps for 15 sec. A reinforced zinc oxide eugenol base (IRM®, Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany) was then applied to the cavity floor, followed by a glass-ionomer cement (KetacTM Bond, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) and a stainless steel crown (SSC, 3M ESPE) or a composite resin restoration (CRR, Tetric® Ceram, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein).
Follow-up
Hypothesis and Outcomes Since we hypothesized that no difference in effectiveness exists between dilute formocresol and the 3 other techniques, the primary endpoints were a clinically and radiographically symptom-free tooth at 12 and 24 mos ± 2 wks. Clinical failure parameters were spontaneous pain, tenderness to percussion, fistula, soft-tissue swelling, and pathological tooth mobility. Radiographic failure parameters were periapical or furcal radiolucency, pathologic external or distinct internal root resorption, or widened periodontal ligament space. The restoration performance (partially or completely lost fillings, secondary caries at the margin, perforated or lost SSC crowns, severe gingival inflammation) was determined as a secondary outcome.
Sample Size and Power Calculation
Randomization and Blinding
Statistical Methods The 12- and 24-month total and clinical success and failure rates of each pulpotomy technique were calculated according to the equation below (ADA, 2001). Additionally, the total success and failure rates for several parameters (type of anesthesia, two operators, tooth type, upper and lower jaw, final restoration) were calculated across all techniques:
We used a logistic regression model to analyze the differences in effectiveness between formocresol and each of the other procedures (
Allocated to the 4 techniques were 200 primary molars in 107 patients. Three teeth from the laser group and 6 from the calcium hydroxide group were excluded from follow-up and statistical analysis, due to uncontrollable bleeding during radiation or placement of calcium hydroxide, since a hyperemic, inflamed radicular pulp is considered a contraindication for vital pulpotomy (Fuks, 2002). Thus, 191 pulpotomized teeth (Table 1  ) in 103 patients (56 males, 47 females; mean age, 4.8 ± 1.6 yrs; range, 2–8 yrs) were reevaluated. After 24 mos, 12 teeth had exfoliated physiologically, and 4 were lost to follow-up (drop-out of four patients who moved away), leaving 175 pulpotomies in 96 patients for the intention-to-treat statistical analysis (Fig. ).
The clinical and radiographic inter-examiner reproducibility was optimal and good (Cohen’s  = 1, = 0.80), and the intra-examiner reproducibility was optimal for both the clinical and radiographical evaluations (Cohen’s = 1).
The clinical and radiographic evaluation after 12 mos revealed the following total and clinical (placed parenthetically) success rates for the different methods (%): formocresol, 96 (100); laser, 93 (98); calcium hydroxide, 86 (95); and ferric sulfate, 86 (100). There was no significant difference in effectiveness between formocresol and any of the other techniques after 12 mos (p > 0.05) (Table 2
After 24 mos, the differences in total and clinical success rates among the techniques became more distinct (%): formocresol, 85 (96); laser, 78 (93); calcium hydroxide, 53 (87); and ferric sulfate, 86 (100). However, compared with formocresol, only calcium hydroxide performed significantly worse (p = 0.001), the odds of failure being 5.6 (95% CI, 2.0–15.5) times higher than for the formocresol method. Although not significant, laser had an odds ratio of 1.7 compared with formocresol (95% CI, 0.6–5.2), and ferric sulfate an odds ratio of 1.0 compared with the gold standard (95% CI, 0.3–3.0) (Table 2 ).
Ten clinical failures and 31 radiographic failures without clinical symptoms were found within the 24-month evaluation period (Table 3
Within the 24 mos, we found no differences in overall total success rates (%) between pulpotomies performed on subjects under either local or general anesthesia (83/70), by either operator 1 or operator 2 (78/75), in first or in second primary molars (74/80), in the maxilla or in the mandible (82/73), and with SSC or CRR as the final restoration (73/81) (p > 0.05). Over 2 yrs, 3 out of 109 SSC were lost, but the cement base remained intact; there was 1 pulpotomy failure (formocresol). Of the 82 CRR, 13 fillings were unacceptable (3 totally lost, 3 partially lost, 7 with secondary caries), with 2 pulpotomy failures (laser, ferric sulfate). No adverse events or side-effects were recognized during the study.
Only calcium hydroxide performed significantly worse than formocresol after 24 mos (rejection of the null hypothesis, power > 80%), but not due primarily to internal resorption (Table 3 ), as had been suggested (Schröder, 1978). The total failure rate of 47% was higher than rates reported for two previous studies (20% and 23%) (Gruythuysen and Weerheijm, 1997; Waterhouse et al., 2000), but was comparable with reports from 2 studies showing failure rates of 41% and 43% (Schröder, 1978; Benz et al., 1998). The Er:YAG laser pulpotomies had a total success rate (78%) insignificantly lower than that of formocresol (85%) after 2 yrs. Since this laser type had not previously been used for pulpotomies in primary molars, its sample size had to be adapted from that calculated for ferric sulfate. From the data analysis, with a power of 15%, it became clear that the sample size was too small for us to answer this question: Does the non-significant result indicate that there is in fact no difference compared with formocresol? A similar situation appeared when we compared the minimally different total success rate of ferric sulfate (86%) with that of formocresol (85%): No significance after 2 yrs was revealed (power 5%). Nevertheless, the success rate lies well between those previously reported: 61% after 2 yrs (Casas et al., 2003) and 97% after 20 mos (Ibricevic and Al-Jame, 2000). The distinct difference between the clinical (100%) and total success rates (86%), observed not only here but also by others (Casas et al., 2003), emphasizes the importance of regular radiographic control. Dilute formocresol as the control technique in this study showed a total success rate (85%) that was comparable with those of previous studies reporting 84% after nearly 2 yrs (Fuks et al., 1997; Waterhouse et al., 2000). Initial hemostasis was achieved in all 200 allocated teeth. However, 3 teeth allocated to the laser and 6 to the calcium hydroxide group were excluded from further follow-up, since uncontrollable bleeding recommenced during irradiation or placement of calcium hydroxide, indicating a hyperemic, inflamed radicular pulp. Aside from the use of non-medicated cotton pellets for primary hemostasis, the different mechanisms of bleeding control for the various applied techniques are interesting in this context: Formocresol fixes tissue in the coronal third of the radicular pulp and causes hemostasis by vessel thrombosis and impaired micro-circulation (Avram and Pulver, 1989; Ranly and García-Godoy, 2000; Thompson et al., 2001). The pulp’s microcirculation after irradiation with the Er:YAG laser, adjusted as here, showed an instant, reversible decrease of blood flow for 3 to 6 min, but with no signs of hyperemic reaction that might be caused by heat (Keller and Hibst, 1991). Calcium hydroxide has been reported to create a superficial coagulation necrosis, possibly inhibiting bleeding and fluid loss (Ranly and García-Godoy, 2000; Waterhouse et al., 2000). Ferric sulfate precipitates protein plugs, resulting from the reaction of blood with both the ferric and sulfate ions that occlude the capillary orifices, causing hemostasis (Lemon et al., 1993). Nevertheless, it might be assumed, from this and other studies, that the pulpal status is more crucial to a successful pulpotomy procedure when calcium hydroxide (Schröder, 1978; Waterhouse et al., 2000) and the Er:YAG laser are used, than when formocresol or ferric sulfate is used. The external validity of this study—revealing new data concerning the controlled use of the Er:YAG laser for pulpotomies—is limited, due to the fact that the pulpotomies were performed by specialists in a hospital, with patients identified mainly following referral, and with special options offered, such as general anesthesia (Nadin et al., 2003). After 24 mos, only calcium hydroxide was significantly less effective than formocresol. To answer the question whether the non-significant results comparing the Er:YAG laser or ferric sulfate with formocresol indicate that there is in fact no difference, an increased sample size and power would be required, e.g., within a large-scale multi-center study.
The authors acknowledge  eljka Maruniza, Kathrin Braunmüller, and Kerstin Weidlich for their project assistance. The study was completely financed by Departmental funding. Received for publication October 22, 2004. Revision received June 27, 2005. Accepted for publication August 3, 2005.
Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 84, No. 12,
1144-1148 (2005)
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 |
|
|
 |
|
Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
-level = 0.05) (