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Figure. Landmarks and measurement items used for the cephalometric analyses.
- Po
- Most posterior point on cranial valut
- N
- Point the nasofrontal suture
- A
- Most anterior point on nasal bone
- E
- Intersection between frontal bone and most superior-anterior point of the posterior limit to the ethmoid bone
- S
- Intersection between posterior border of basisphenoid and the tympanic bulla
- Ba
- Most posterior and inferior point of occipital condyle
- Pr
- Most inferior and anterior point on alveolar process of premaxilla
- Bu
- Point on premaxilla between jawbone and lingual surface of upper incisors
- Mu
- Point on intersection between maxillary bone and mesial surface of upper first molar
- Iu
- Most prominent point between incisal edges of upper incisors
- U1
- Point on mesial occulusal fossa of upper first molar
- U1'
- Crossing point on A-N perpendicular to A-N from U1
- U2
- Point on distal occulusal fossa of upper second molar
- U2'
- Crossing point on A-N perpendicular to A-N from U2
- Pg
- Point on most inferior contour of lower border of mandible, adjacent to incisors
- Mn
- Point in deepest part of antegonial notch curvature
- Gn
- Point on most inferior contour of angular process of mandible
- Go
- Most posterior point of angular process of mandible
- Co
- Most posterosuperior point of condylar process
- Co'
- Crossing point on Pg-Gn perpendicular to Pg-Gn from Co
- Id
- Most inferior and anterior point on alveolar process of mandible
- Bl
- Point on intersection between lingual surface of lower incisor and anteriormost part of lingual alveolar bone
- Ml
- Point on intersection between the mandibular alveolar bone and mesial surface of first molar
- Il
- Most prominent point between incisal edges of lower incisor
- L1
- Point on mesial occulusal fossa of lower second molar
- L1'
- Crossing point on Pg-Gn perpendicular to Pg-Gn from L1
- L2
- Point on distal occulusal fossa of lower second molar
- L2'
- Crossing point on Pg-Gn perpendicular to Pg-Gn from L2
J DENT RES, Vol. 83, No. 3,
250-254 (2004)
DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300313
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