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Journal of Dental Research
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The Effects of Smoking on Dental Care Utilization and Its Costs in Japan

R. Ide1,*, T. Hoshuyama2, D. Wilson2, K. Takahashi2 and T. Higashi1

1 Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
2 Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan


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Figure. Distribution of annual dental care costs according to smoking status.

 

Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 88, No. 1, 66-70 (2009)
DOI: 10.1177/0022034508327523


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