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Journal of Dental Research
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Self-assembling Peptides: From Bio-inspired Materials to Bone Regeneration

C. E. Semino

Center for Biomedical Engineering, NE47-383, Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Sq., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; semino{at}mit.edu


Figure 1
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  		Figure 1. Peptide RAD16-I self-assembles into a nanofiber network. The scaffold is biocompatible and biodegradable and will allow for cell seeding. (A) Molecular model of peptide RAD16-I. (B) Molecular model of the nanofiber developed by self-assembling RAD16-I molecules. Note: The nanofiber is formed by a double tape of assembled RAD16-I molecules in antiparallel β-sheet configuration (top tape in color and bottom tape in yellow). (C) RAD16-I nanofiber network viewed by SEM. White bar represents 200 nm. (D) Electron microscopy (quick freeze) of 3 mg/mL of collagen I (left) and 2.4 mg/mL of RAD16-I (right), kindly provided by R. Kamm, MIT. White bar at left represents 500 nm.

 

Figure 2
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  		Figure 2. Peptide nanofiber function. (A) Peptides RAD16-I and it functionalized derivated peptide YIGSR-GG-RAD16-I (AcN-YIGSR-GG-RADARADARADARADA-CONH2). (B) Molecular model of the nanofiber tape obtained after the blending of peptide RAD16-I (90%) with peptide YIGSR-GG-RAD16-I (10%). Note: The minimum-binding peptide domain for the 67-kDa laminin receptor YIGSR motif is extending at the sides of the nanofiber tape for proper cellular receptor recognition at the nanoscale level.

 

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  		Figure 3. Endothelial cells develop monolayers on basement membrane analogs and capillary structures on collagen gels. (A) Monolayer formation of human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) cultured on different gel systems. Phase-contrast microscopy images of HAEC seeded on Collagen I gel (a), 100% peptide scaffold RAD16-I (c), and with blending of 90% RAD16-I/10% (v/v) YIGSR-GG-RAD16-I or YIG (e). Fluorescent staining with TRITC phalloidin and DAPI to detect actin fibers (yellow) and nucleus (blue), respectively, for a (b), c (d), e (f). Phase-contrast images depict a typical cobblestone monolayer, also observed with actin/DAPI staining. (B) Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cultured on collagen I gels in the presence of a source of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEFG) develop long capillary structures after 48 hrs. The same conditions using the basement membrane analogs in A, such as RAD16-I or the blending of RAD16-I/YIGSR-GG-RAD16-I with HUVEC cultures, did not promote capillary structures (data not shown). The bar in a represents 100 µm. The red arrows indicate the extension of the capillary structure from a–c.

 

Figure 4
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  		Figure 4. Peptide-amphiphiles (PA) self-assemble into nanofibers capable of nucleating HA crystals. The PA structure and its self-assembling model are described. (A) Peptide molecule and its 5 basic structural sequential features: (1) a hydrophobic alkyl chain, (2) 4 cysteine residues, (3) 3 glycines, (4) a phosphoserine group, and (5) an integrin-binding motif, RGD. (B) Molecular model at the atomic level. (C) Self-assembling of PA into a cylindrical nanofiber. (D) HAP crystals developed after 30 min of PA material exposed to CaCl2 and Na2HPO4, detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). (E) The material obtained in D presents a Ca/P ratio of 1.67 by energy-dispersion x-ray fluorescence spectrum (EDS) analysis, as expected for HAP crystals with the formula equal to Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Reprinted with permission from Hartgerink et al.(2001).

 

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  		Figure 5. Electron microscopic view of the proposed composite material device. (left) An 88X magnification of a nanofiber fabric of PLA (spaghetti shape) embedded with a low amount of self-assembling peptide hydrogel RAD16-I for visualization of both polymers. (center) An 880X magnification of the composite to compare the size of a PLA microfiber (~10 micron thick) with that of the peptide scaffold nanofiber. (right) A 40,000 X magnification of the composite for visualization of the peptide nanofiber network. Note that the pore size in the peptide nanofiber is about ~50 nanometers.

 

Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 87, No. 7, 606-616 (2008)
DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700710
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