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Effect of Nitric Oxide on the Recovery of the Hypofunctional Periodontal Ligament
H. Watarai*,
H. Warita and
K. Soma
Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan;
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Figure 1. Experimental method. An anterior bite plate and a metal cap were attached to the maxillary and mandibular incisors, respectively, with a light-curing resin used to produce occlusal hypofunction in the molar region.
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Figure 3. NOS immunoreactivity in the distal side of the disto-palatal root of the maxillary first molar. Endothelial NOS immunostaining sections in normal, hypofunction, and recovery groups (A,B,C). (A) Blood vessels in PDL were observed clearly in general. Endothelial NOS was noted only in blood vessels. (B) The diameters of periodontal blood vessels appeared to be smaller, and the number of eNOS-immunopositive cells decreased. (C) The recovered periodontal blood vessels increased in diameter and number compared with the hypofunction group. In addition, the number of eNOS-immunopositive cells increased close to that of the normal periodontal group. Mononuclear phagocyte lineages were observed at the border of the PDL and alveolar bone.
Inducible NOS immunostaining sections in normal, hypofunction, and recovery groups (D,E,F). (D) Inducible NOS-immunopositive cells were observed in vascular smooth-muscle cells, fibroblasts, and mononuclear phagocyte lineage. (E) The PDL displayed a decrease in thickness and disorientation of PDL fibers. The diameters of periodontal blood vessels appeared to be smaller, and the number of iNOS-immunopositive cells decreased. (F) Vascular smooth-muscle cells and fibroblasts recovered to close-to-normal levels. Mononuclear phagocyte lineage was observed at the border of the PDL and alveolar bone, especially in the rugged profile area.  , blood vessel;  , fibroblast;  , mononuclear phagocyte lineage. Bar: 100 µm.
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Figure 4. Quantitative analysis of the numbers of NOS-immunopositive cells and the total NOS-immunopositive area. We used image analysis software to count immunopositive cell numbers and to measure the immunopositive area in the unit area (200 µm x 200 µm). In comparison with the normal group, the numbers of eNOS- and iNOS-immunopositive cells (A,B) significantly decreased in the hypofunction group, and they increased to close-to-normal levels after the recovery period. eNOS cell numbers: normal, 17.41 ± 3.11 cells/unit; hypofunction, 9.05 ± 2.17 cells/unit; and recovery, 15.75 ± 2.92 cells/unit. iNOS cell numbers: normal, 74.75 ± 5.47 cells/unit; hypofunction, 30.58 ± 4.18 cells/unit; and recovery, 70.58 ± 6.11 cells/unit. Immunopositive area (%) means the percentage of immunopositive cells in the unit area. The pattern changes in the immunopositive area were similar to those in the cell number (C,D). The change in the NOS-immunopositive area was greater than the NOS-immunopositive cell number in both eNOS and iNOS. eNOS-immunopositive area: normal, 1.71 ± 0.29%; hypofunction, 0.72 ± 0.19%; and recovery, 1.62 ± 0.19%. iNOS-immunopositive area: normal, 6.00 ± 0.56%; hypofunction, 1.81 ± 0.32%; and recovery, 5.64 ± 0.57%. The data are means ± SD. N = 12 for each group. *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01.
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Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 83, No. 4,
338-342 (2004)
DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300413
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= Mesiodistal line that passed through the central point of the root. P = The intersection of the