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Journal of Dental Research
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Surface Chemistry of a High-copper Dental Amalgam

A.J. McDermott

Laboratory for Surface & Interface Analysis, Department of Engineering Materials, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom

S. Kothari

Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremount Crescent S10 2TA, United Kingdom

R.D. Short

Laboratory for Surface & Interface Analysis, Department of Engineering Materials, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom

R. van Noort

Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremount Crescent S10 2TA, United Kingdom

M.R. Alexander

In amalgam, mercury is intended to take the form of stable intermetallic compounds. Any mercury leakage must therefore come from free mercury not involved in such compounds. Thus, a knowledge of the exact surface chemistry of dental amalgam is necessary if this phenomenon is to be understood. From XPS and EDS analyses, a model of the surface chemistry of amalgam is proposed which fully characterizes all the phases that are present. The data show the surface to have a composition different from that of the bulk, being comprised of a hydrocarbon deposit and adsorbed water covering the intermetallic phase {gamma}2 (Sn6-8Hg), tin (iv) oxide, and mercury in a free state. After amalgamation, the amount of mercury at the surface decreases with time and eventually attains a constant concentration, where it is all involved in the {gamma}2 phase, leaving no free mercury. A model is proposed for the surface of amalgam and the changes in this model with time.

Key Words: amalgam • mercury • surface chemistry • XPS.

Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 77, No. 12, 1999-2004 (1998)
DOI: 10.1177/00220345980770120801
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