This Article Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free References Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Burt, B.A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Burt, B.A. Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

The Changing Patterns of Systemic Fluoride Intake

School of Public Health, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029

Fluorosis prevalence has increased in North America since the 1930's-1940's. It may also have increased since 1970, though the evidence for that is less clear. Continued monitoring will help determine whether increased fluorosis prevalence in children in the United States is a cohort effect from the 1970's. This review considers the evidence for an increase in fluoride ingestion from all sources since the 1970's. If an increase has occurred, the most likely sources are fluoride dietary supplements, inadvertent swallowing of fluoride toothpastes, and increased fluoride in food and beverages. For adults, there is no evidence from dietary surveys to show that fluoride intake has increased over the last generation. Dietary surveys for children aged six months to two years are similarly inconclusive, though the great variation in fluoride content of various infant foods might be obscuring real effects. The data on fluoride intake by children from food and beverages, infant foods included, are not strong enough to conclude that an increase in fluoride ingestion has occurred since the 1970's. However, the suggested upper limit of fluoride intake is substantially being reached in many children by ingestion of fluoride from food and drink (0.2-0.3 mg per day) and from fluoride toothpaste (0.2-0.3 mg per day). Two public health issues that arise from this review are: (a) the need for a downward revision in the schedule for fluoride supplementation, and (b) education on the potential for high fluoride concentration of soft drinks and processed fruit juices.

Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 71, No. 5, 1228-1237 (1992)
DOI: 10.1177/00220345920710051601


CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. Siew, S. Strock, H. Ristic, P. Kang, H.-N. Chou, J.-W. Chen, J. Frantsve-Hawley, and D. M. Meyer Assessing a Potential Risk Factor for Enamel Fluorosis: A Preliminary Evaluation of Fluoride Content in Infant Formulas J Am Dent Assoc, October 1, 2009; 140(10): 1228 - 1236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M.H.C. Rodrigues, A.L. Leite, A. Arana, R.S. Villena, F.D.S. Forte, F.C. Sampaio, and M.A.R. Buzalaf Dietary Fluoride Intake by Children Receiving Different Sources of Systemic Fluoride Journal of Dental Research, February 1, 2009; 88(2): 142 - 145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. G. PENDRYS RISK OF ENAMEL FLUOROSIS IN NONFLUORIDATED AND OPTIMALLY FLUORIDATED POPULATIONS: CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE DENTAL PROFESSIONAL J Am Dent Assoc, June 1, 2000; 131(6): 746 - 755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Guha-Chowdhury, B.K. Drummond, and A.C. Smillie Total Fluoride Intake in Children Aged 3 to 4 Years--A Longitudinal Study Journal of Dental Research, July 1, 1996; 75(7): 1451 - 1457. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S.M. Levy, F.J. Kohout, N. Guha-Chowdhury, M.C. Kiritsy, J.R. Heilman, and J.S. Wefel Infants' Fluoride Intake from Drinking Water Alone, and from Water Added to Formula, Beverages, and Food Journal of Dental Research, July 1, 1995; 74(7): 1399 - 1407. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Ekstrand, E.E. Ziegler, S.E. Nelson, and S.J. Fomon Absorption and Retention of Dietary and Supplemental Fluoride by Infants Advances in Dental Research, July 1, 1994; 8(2): 175 - 180. [Abstract] [PDF]

				G.M. Whitford Intake and Metabolism of Fluoride Advances in Dental Research, June 1, 1994; 8(1): 5 - 14. [Abstract] [PDF]

				P.J. Riordan Perceptions of Dental Fluorosis Journal of Dental Research, September 1, 1993; 72(9): 1268 - 1274. [Abstract] [PDF]

				D.T.Y. Pang, C.L. Phillips, and J.W. Bawden Fluoride Intake from Beverage Consumption in a Sample of North Carolina Children Journal of Dental Research, July 1, 1992; 71(7): 1382 - 1388. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. Newbrun Current Regulations and Recommendations Concerning Water Fluoridation, Fluoride Supplements, and Topical Fluoride Agents Journal of Dental Research, May 1, 1992; 71(5): 1255 - 1265. [Abstract] [PDF]