Figure 2. The morphological and chemical SEM/EDS analysis of grit-blasted Ti substrate surfaces. (a) Silica-coated surface. Original magnification x1000. Scale bar (black) = 20 µm. (b) Silica-coated titanium surface showing EDS element distribution in Fig. 2a (red = Al, blue = Ti, green = Si). Original magnification x1000. Scale as above. (c) Alumina-coated Ti surface. Original magnification x1000. Scale bar (black) = 20 µm. (d) Alumina-coated Ti surface showing EDS element distribution in Fig. 2c (red = Al, blue = Ti, green = Si). Original magnification x1000. Scale as above. (e) Cohesive failure in de-bonding the Bis-GMA resin. Silica-coated Ti surface, silanized with 0.1% 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, after the resin sample was thermocycled and de-bonded (430x magnification). Scale bar (white) = 50 µm.