Figure 1. S. sanguis LTA enhanced VEGF expression in MDPC-23 (A), OD-21 (B), and macrophages (D), but not in fibroblasts (C). VEGF concentration was determined by ELISA from the conditioned medium of cells treated with 0-80 µg/mL S. sanguis LTA for 24 hrs. We performed Trypan blue assays to normalize the VEGF concentration by the number of viable cells per well. Control was recombinant mouse VEGF. Each graph depicts the mean values + SEM of triplicate wells per cell type and LTA concentration, and is representative of three independent experiments. Asterisk indicates statistical significance at p < 0.05.